ReviewCold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine2021
Original Antigenic Sin: How Original? How Sinful?
Review in Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pre-existing and cross-reactive immunity to avian influenza H5N1 in humans: Implications for pandemic risk and vaccine strategies.The Journal of infection · 2026Review
- The natural human adaptive IgG-specific immune response is skewed towards non-protective tail domains of DNABII proteins.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A broadly neutralizing antibody confers cross-genus protection against alphaherpesviruses by inhibiting gB-mediated membrane fusion.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Vaccination against influenza viruses annually: Renewing or narrowing the protective shield?The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Tp40: a new potential prognostic and diagnostic marker for syphilis.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- A Transgenic Mouse With a Humanized B-Cell Repertoire Mounts an Antibody Response to Influenza Infection and Vaccination.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Differential antigenic imprinting effects between influenza H1N1 hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in a mouse model.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- The case for development of a core outcome set (COS) and supplemental reporting guidelines for influenza vaccine challenge trial research in swine.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Immune imprinting: The persisting influence of the first antigenic encounter with rapidly evolving viruses.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Coupling antigens from multiple subtypes of influenza can broaden antibody and T cell responses.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- A guide to adaptive immune memory.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Pre-existing immunity to influenza aids ferrets in developing stronger and broader H3 vaccine-induced antibody responses.Vaccine · 2024Article
- Original Antigenic Sin on Antibody Response in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2024Review
- A speed limit on serial strain replacement from original antigenic sin.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- A speed limit on serial strain replacement from original antigenic sin.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- The varying extent of humoral and cellular immune responses to either vector- or RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines persists for at least 18 months and is independent of infection.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Potent human neutralizing antibodies against Nipah virus derived from two ancestral antibody heavy chains.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Immune imprinting and next-generation coronavirus vaccines.Nature microbiology · 2023Review
- Does Vaccine-Induced Maternally-Derived Immunity Protect Swine Offspring against Influenza a Viruses? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Challenge Trials from 1990 to May 2021.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We review the phenomenon of "original antigenic sin" (OAS) in antibody responses to influenza A virus (IAV) infection or vaccination. OAS refers to the preferential induction of antibodies with higher affinity to priming versus boosting immunogens. We emphasize its mechanistic basis and origins in the basic immunobiology of B-cell responses to myriad immunogens. We tabulate 23 studies in animals and humans to show that the magnitude of OAS depends on many variables. We discuss a number of misconceptions about OAS, examine the extent to which OAS is sinful, and argue that OAS is evolutionary selected and not a deleterious by-product of selection for other features of the immune response. We end by raising questions regarding the mechanistic basis of OAS whose answers could contribute to improving influenza virus vaccines on the road to the holy grail of a "universal" influenza vaccine.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.