ArticleBiology2020
Autophagy Inhibition Induces the Secretion of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) with Autocrine and Paracrine Effects on the Promotion of Malignancy in Breast Cancer.
Article in Biology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dissecting origin factors of lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer via multimodal omics.Nature communications · 2026Article
- TRPML3 and TRPML1/3 differentially regulate unconventional MIF secretion through TMED10 and secretory autophagy.Autophagy reports · 2026Article
- Distinct mechanisms of cell in breast cancer and their clinical implication.Cell biology and toxicology · 2025Review
- Crossroads of cell fate: miR-34-mediated regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in glioblastoma.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: Exploring physiological roles and comparing health benefits against oncogenic and autoimmune risks (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Targeting secretory autophagy in solid cancers: mechanisms, immune regulation and clinical insights.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and the tumor ecosystem: a tale of inflammation, immune escape, and tumor growth.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy in Cancer Treatment: Integrating Nanomedicine with Autophagy Inhibition Strategies.ACS omega · 2024Review
- Article
- Amino acid deprivation in cancer cells with compensatory autophagy induction increases sensitivity to autophagy inhibitors.Molecular & cellular oncology · 2024Article
- Therapeutic Opportunities in Breast Cancer by Targeting Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor as a Pleiotropic Cytokine.Breast cancer : basic and clinical research · 2024Review
- Obacunone targets macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) to impede osteoclastogenesis and alleviate ovariectomy-induced bone loss.Journal of advanced research · 2023Article
- Highly expressed SERCA2 triggers tumor cell autophagy and is a druggable vulnerability in triple-negative breast cancer.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2022Article
- Review
- Circulating inflammatory cytokines and risk of five cancers: a Mendelian randomization analysis.BMC medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- The Role of Autophagy in Tumor Immune Infiltration in Colorectal Cancer.Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam) · 2022Article
- Autophagy Modulators in Coronavirus Diseases: A Double Strike in Viral Burden and Inflammation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Renalase Challenges the Oxidative Stress and Fibroproliferative Response in COVID-19.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Breast cancer is the main cause of cancer-related death in women in the world. Because autophagy is a known survival pathway for cancer cells, its inhibition is currently being explored in clinical trials for treating several types of malignancies. In breast cancer, autophagy has been shown to be necessary for the survival of cancer cells from the triple negative subtype (TNBC), which has the worst prognosis among breast cancers and currently has limited therapeutic options. Autophagy has also been involved in the regulation of protein secretion and, of importance for this work, the inhibition of autophagy is known to promote the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from distinct cell types. We found that the inhibition of autophagy in TNBC cell lines induced the secretion of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-tumorigenic cytokine involved in breast cancer invasion and immunomodulation. MIF secretion was dependent on an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by the inhibition of autophagy. Importantly, MIF secreted from autophagy-deficient cells increased the migration of cells not treated with autophagy inhibitors, indicating that autophagy inhibition in cancer cells promoted malignancy in neighboring cells through the release of secreted factors, and that a combinatorial approach should be evaluated for cancer therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.