ArticlePLoS pathogens2020
Agricultural and geographic factors shaped the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 outbreak.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Production-Type-Specific Spatial and Space-Time Clustering of High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Layer and Duck Farms in the Republic of Korea, 2020-2026.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Article
- From Clustered to Sporadic: Structural Shifts in the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of HPAI Following the 2017 Policy Reinforcement in South Korea (2003-2025).Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza: a One Health perspective on risks, surveillance, and resilience.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Review
- Avian influenza spillover into poultry: environmental influences and biosecurity protections.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Poultry farm density and proximity drive highly pathogenic avian influenza spread.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Intensive transmission in wild, migratory birds drove rapid geographic dissemination and repeated spillovers of H5N1 into agriculture in North America.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The global H5N1 influenza panzootic in mammals.Nature · 2025Review
- Quantifying Time-Dependent Predictors for the International Spatial Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5NX: Focus on Trade and Surveillance Efforts.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Article
- From emergence to endemicity of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses in Taiwan.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Ecogeographic Drivers of the Spatial Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Europe and the United States, 2016-Early 2022.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Emergence, Evolution, and Biological Characteristics of H10N4 and H10N8 Avian Influenza Viruses in Migratory Wild Birds Detected in Eastern China in 2020.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Avian influenza A virus susceptibility, infection, transmission, and antibody kinetics in European starlings.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Mutations in PB1, NP, HA, and NA Contribute to Increased Virus Fitness of H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Clade 2.3.4.4 in Chickens.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Going back to the roots: Evaluating Bayesian phylogeographic models with discrete trait uncertainty.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Fine-scale tracking of wild waterfowl and their impact on highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the Republic of Korea, 2014-2015.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Adenoviral Vectors as Vaccines for Emerging Avian Influenza Viruses.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
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6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The 2014-2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5NX outbreak represents the largest and most expensive HPAI outbreak in the United States to date. Despite extensive traditional and molecular epidemiological studies, factors associated with the spread of HPAI among midwestern poultry premises remain unclear. To better understand the dynamics of this outbreak, 182 full genome HPAI H5N2 sequences isolated from commercial layer chicken and turkey production premises were analyzed using evolutionary models able to accommodate epidemiological and geographic information. Epidemiological compartmental models embedded in a phylogenetic framework provided evidence that poultry type acted as a barrier to the transmission of virus among midwestern poultry farms. Furthermore, after initial introduction, the propagation of HPAI cases was self-sustainable within the commercial poultry industries. Discrete trait diffusion models indicated that within state viral transitions occurred more frequently than inter-state transitions. Distance and sample size were very strongly supported as associated with viral transition between county groups (Bayes Factor > 30.0). Together these findings indicate that the different types of midwestern poultry industries were not a single homogenous population, but rather, the outbreak was shaped by poultry industries and geographic factors.
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