ArticlePsychological research2021
Gender stereotypes and incremental beliefs in STEM and non-STEM students in three countries: relationships with performance in cognitive tasks.
Article in Psychological research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sex/Gender Differences in Verbal Fluency and Verbal-Episodic Memory: A Meta-Analysis.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2023Pooled it
- The Effect of Sex and Gender-Role on Social Attention: Investigating the Association With Social Skills and Academic Preferences.International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie · 2026Article
- Gender stereotypes and the construction of self-beliefs in spatial cognition.Psychological research · 2026Article
- Unraveling children's mental rotation: insights from behavior and eye tracking.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cognitive Sex/Gender Differences and the Beliefs in Own Spatial Abilities.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Beyond Mean Scores: Sex Differences in Literacy, Numeracy, and Problem-Solving as Intraindividual Strengths Across Age Groups.Journal of Intelligence · 2026Article
- Explicit gender stereotypes and sexually polymorphic cognition by gender identity.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Article
- The influence of the design of mental rotation trials on performance and possible differences between sexes: A theoretical review and experimental investigation.Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006) · 2024Review
- Supplementary motor area is deactivated during mental rotation tasks with biomechanical constraints in fMRI.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2024Article
- Mental rotation-related neural interactions between gender and cognitive strategy.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- The reinforcement sensitivity theory affects questionnaire (RST-AQ). A validation study of a new scale targeting affects related to anxiety, approach motivation and fear.Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) · 2024Article
- The role of perspective-taking in suppressing stereotypes about mathematics.BMC research notes · 2023Article
- Self-concept explains gender differences in mental rotation performance after stereotype activation.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- The mediating effect of math self-efficacy on the relationship between parenting style and math anxiety.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- The perceived role fit of women and men academics: evidence from the social sports sciences.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Linking gender differences with gender equality: A systematic-narrative literature review of basic skills and personality.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Review
- Architectures of contemporary digital platforms in education: analysis of exclusion processes.Universal access in the information society · 2022Article
- The Place of Gender Stereotypes in the Network of Cognitive Abilities, Self-Perceived Ability and Intrinsic Value of School in School Children Depending on Sex and Preferences in STEM.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- STEM-Gender Stereotypes: Associations With School Empowerment and School Engagement Among Italian and Nigerian Adolescents.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Women's underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) has been linked, among others, to gender stereotypes and ability-related beliefs as well as gender differences in specific cognitive abilities. However, the bulk of studies focused on gender stereotypes related to mathematics. The present study, therefore, aimed to map gender stereotypes and incremental beliefs (i.e., the conviction about modifiability) with respect to a wide range of stereotypical male-favouring and female-favouring abilities. Gender stereotypes and incremental beliefs were assessed with self-report questionnaires in 132 STEM students (65 women) and 124 non-STEM students (73 women) in three European countries ranked in the top, middle, and bottom of the Global Gender Gap Report. Moreover, a mental rotation and a verbal fluency test were completed. Men endorsed male-favouring stereotypes more than women, and women endorsed female-favouring stereotypes more than men, an effect that was most pronounced in the country with the larger gender gap. Male STEM students endorsed male-favouring stereotypes more strongly than male non-STEM and female STEM students. Male non-STEM students endorsed female-favouring stereotypes less than female and male STEM students. Female STEM students reported higher incremental beliefs than female non-STEM students, especially in the country with the lowest gender gap. Men outperformed women, and STEM students outperformed non-STEM in mental rotation, while women outperformed men in verbal fluency. Male STEM students' stronger endorsement of male-favouring stereotypes might reflect genuine group differences, at least in mental rotation. While potentially such gender stereotypes can help creating a "chilly climate" where women in academic STEM degrees are expected to perform poorly, those women believed more in the possibility to change and improve in male-favouring abilities which could help them to overcome the potential negative effect of stereotyping.
Indexed as
Identifiers
31960121What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.