SynthesisWorld journal of surgical oncology2020
Smokers or non-smokers: who benefits more from immune checkpoint inhibitors in treatment of malignancies? An up-to-date meta-analysis.
Synthesis in World journal of surgical oncology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex difference in response to non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy: an updated meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Inhibitors of PD-1 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Molecular Features.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy of Atezolizumab for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Clinical and Molecular Features: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- The benefits and risks of pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy as first-line therapy in small-cell lung cancer: a single-arm meta-analysis of noncomparative clinical studies and randomized control trials.World journal of surgical oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Anti-PD-1 and Anti-PD-L1 in Head and Neck Cancer: A Network Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab or chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a Japanese subgroup analysis of open-label, phase 3 trial (CheckMate 648/ONO-4538-50).Esophagus : official journal of the Japan Esophageal Society · 2023Trial
- Sintilimab versus docetaxel as second-line treatment in advanced or metastatic squamous non-small-cell lung cancer: an open-label, randomized controlled phase 3 trial (ORIENT-3).Cancer communications (London, England) · 2022Trial
- Liposomal drug delivery for lung cancer therapy: progress, challenges, and future perspectives.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Risk modifiers of immune-related adverse events in patients with NSCLC undergoing immunotherapy: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences · 2026Article
- Evaluation of smoking status as a prognostic factor under immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment: A single center analysis.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- Lung cancer in non-smoking women (LCINSW): from risk factors to precision therapy.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- Panorama of Chromosomal Instability in Lung Cancer.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Chemoimmunotherapy Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in Patients with Advanced, Low PD-L1-Expressing Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Cancer research communications · 2025Article
- Potentiating the effect of immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer using gas-entrapping materials.Biomaterials · 2025Article
- Association of cardiovascular disease and CIRS‑G and ACE‑27 comorbidity indices with pathological complete response of non‑small cell lung cancer to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2025Article
- Pembrolizumab in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer-experiences from clinical practice.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Serum CYFRA 21-1 as a Prognostic Marker in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Cancers · 2024Article
- Multimodal treatment according to the NPC-GPOH trials in adult patients with nasopharyngeal cancer-Analysis based on a single-center experience.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Efficacy and predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with gallbladder cancer.Cancer science · 2024Article
- Hope and Challenges: Immunotherapy inBiomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors, which are a milestone in anti-cancer therapy, have been applied in the treatment of multiple malignancies. Real-world data have suggested that smoking status may be associated with the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Hereby, to evaluate "smoking benefit or not", we included numerous high-quality randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) without any restriction on category.
methodsA systematic search of online database was performed from July 2010 to July 2019. Eligible studies included phase II/III RCTs comparing PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with chemotherapy in the treatment of multiple carcinomas and contained subgroup analysis of smoking status. Then, related hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of overall survival (OS) were pooled.
resultsIn the initial meta-analysis, compared with chemotherapy, the OS of non-smokers (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-0.98) and smokers (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.71-0.83) were significantly prolonged with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Outcomes from subgroup analysis showed that in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy groups, non-smokers showed no significant improvement in OS (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83-1.06), while the OS of smokers was significantly prolonged (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.74-0.85); in groups of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy, the OS of non-smokers (HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28-0.71) and smokers (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.61-0.85) were significantly prolonged. Combined ipilimumab and chemotherapy showed no significance in both groups.
conclusionSmokers benefit from either anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy or the combined regimen compared with chemotherapy. Considering cost-effectiveness, monotherapy was recommended to smokers. For non-smokers, only the combined regimen was feasible in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.