ArticleThe journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences2020
Frailty Phenotype and Cause-Specific Mortality in the United States.
Article in The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of frailty and mortality risk in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 59 international prospective cohort studies.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Frailty and risks of all-cause and cause-specific death in community-dwelling adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence of Undernutrition, Frailty and Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling People Aged 50 Years and Above: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Frailty and All-Cause Mortality Among People With HIV Engaged in Clinical Care in the United States.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Long-Term Outcomes After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Nonagenarians: Impact of Frailty and Malnutrition.JACC. Advances · 2026Article
- The Association Between Urbanization and Frailty Status in China.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- How frailty index impacts death in chronic kidney disease: A retrospective observational investigation.PloS one · 2026Observational
- Baseline and long-term frailty transitions and rapid estimated glomerular filtration rate decline: evidence from two large population-based studies.Renal failure · 2025Article
- Obesity and Transition to Assisted Living Services in Older Adults: An Analysis From the National Health and Aging Trends Study.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic Inequalities in Frailty Distribution: A Cross-National Comparison of the United States and England.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- A pilot study to identify factors associated with frailty within the World Trade Center general responder cohort.American journal of industrial medicine · 2024Article
- Frailty, but not cognitive impairment, improves mortality risk prediction among those with chronic kidney disease-a nationally representative study.BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- Association of the Combination of Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Sleep Quality with Physical Frailty.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Association of Frailty and Neighborhood Disadvantage with Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations in Older Adults.Journal of general internal medicine · 2024Observational
- Frailty and Survivability of Polish Caucasian Nonagenarians and Centenarians.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Association between Active Hobby before Hospitalization and Frailty at Discharge in Patients with Acute Cardiovascular Disease.Progress in rehabilitation medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Cancer mortality and competing causes of death in older adults with cancer: A prospective, multicentre cohort study (ELCAPA-19).Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Frailty as a predictor of mortality: a comparative cohort study of older adults in Costa Rica and the United States.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Random Forest Models for Prediction of Hip Fracture Risk Versus Mortality Risk in the Oldest Old.JBMR plus · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFrailty is a common condition among older adults increasing risk of adverse outcomes including mortality; however, little is known about the incidence or risk of specific causes of death among frail individuals.
methodsData came from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 2004-2012), linked to underlying cause-of-death information from the National Death Index (NDI). Community-dwelling HRS participants aged 65 and older who completed a general health interview and physical measurements (n = 10,490) were included in analysis. Frailty was measured using phenotypic model criteria-exhaustion, low weight, low energy expenditure, slow gait, and weakness. Underlying causes of death were determined using International Classification of Diseases, Version 10 codes. We used Cox proportional hazards and competing risks regression models to calculate and compare incidence of cause-specific mortality by frailty status.
resultsDuring follow-up, prefrail and frail older adults had significantly greater hazard of all-cause mortality compared to individuals without symptoms (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] prefrail: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.51, 2.25; HR frail: 2.75, 95% CI: 2.14, 3.53). Frailty was associated with 2.96 (95% CI: 2.17, 4.03), 2.82 (95% CI: 2.02, 3.94), 3.48 (95% CI: 2.17, 5.59), and 2.87 (95% CI: 1.47, 5.59) times greater hazard of death from heart disease, cancer, respiratory illness, and dementia, respectively.
conclusionsSignificantly greater risk of mortality from several different causes should be considered alongside the potential costs of screening and intervention for frailty in subspecialty and general geriatric clinical practice. Findings may help investigators estimate the potential impact of frailty reduction approaches on mortality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.