ArticleJournal of epidemiology2021
The Level of Urine Dipstick Proteinuria and Its Relation to the Risk of Incident Cholelithiasis.
Article in Journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proteinuria Is Independently Associated with Impaired Gallbladder Emptying in Biopsy-Proven Glomerular Disease with Preserved Kidney Function: A Case-Control Ultrasonographic Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Gallstones and acute cholecystitis in CKD and dialysis: an underrecognized biliary burden in nephrology.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2026Review
- Long-term weight patterns and physical activity in gallstones.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Proteomics and metabolomics analyses of urine for investigation of gallstone disease in a high-altitude area.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2024Article
- Risk factors for gallstone disease onset in Japan: Findings from the Shizuoka Study, a population-based cohort study.PloS one · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies have suggested the potential association between renal diseases and gallstone. The extent of proteinuria is recognized as a marker for the severity of chronic kidney disease. However, little data is available to identify the risk of incident gallstone according to the level of proteinuria.
methodsUsing a data of 207,356 Koreans registered in National Health Insurance Database, we evaluated the risk of gallstone according to the levels of urine dipstick proteinuria through an average follow-up of 4.36 years. Study subjects were divided into 3 groups by urine dipstick proteinuria (negative: 0, mild: 1+ and heavy: 2+ or greater). Multivariate Cox-proportional hazard model was used to assess the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident cholelithiasis according to urine dipstick proteinuria.
resultsThe group with higher urine dipstick proteinuria had worse metabolic, renal, and hepatic profiles than those without proteinuria, which were similarly observed in the group with incident cholelithiasis. The heavy proteinuria group had the greatest incidence of cholelithiasis (2.39%), followed by mild (1.54%) and negative proteinuria groups (1.39%). Analysis for multivariate Cox-proportional hazard model indicated that the heavy proteinuria group had higher risk of cholelithiasis than other groups (negative: reference, mild proteinuria: HR 0.97 [95% CI, 0.74-1.26], and heavy proteinuria: HR 1.46 [95% CI, 1.09-1.96]).
conclusionUrine dipstick proteinuria of 2+ or greater was significantly associated with increased risk for incident gallstone.
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