ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2020
Clinical approach to the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the pediatric patient.
Erratum issuedOpen access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 147 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
147citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
16.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
147 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 331 citations in OpenAlex.
- Endocrine-Immune Crosstalk in Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review of the Role of Micronutrients, with Emphasis on Vitamin D.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Investigating health related quality of life and clinical measures in autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of the epidemiology of pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: disease burden and clinical decision-making.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Seizure outcome-related factors in autoimmune encephalitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Neurocognitive sequelae following seronegative anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with ovarian teratoma in a pediatric patient: A six-year follow-up case report.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Symptom evolution, persistence, and pharmacological management in paediatric NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Early clinical and laboratory indicators for differentiating infectious from autoimmune encephalitis in pediatric patients: A single-center retrospective cohort study.Journal of hospital medicine · 2026Article
- Distinct clinical clusters of paediatric patients with status epilepticus: Retrospective cohort study.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2026Article
- Serial FDG-PET in probable seronegative autoimmune encephalitis presenting as severe behavioral regression in a child with autism.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- MOGAD-Like Encephalitic Syndromes Without MOG Antibodies in Children.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Long-term outcomes of childhood encephalitis in Australia: burden and predictors from the Australian childhood encephalitis (ACE) prospective multicentre cohort.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Critically Ill Children with Neuroimmunological Disorders: A Single-Center Cohort Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Movement disorder emergencies at a tertiary-care center in West Bengal, India: Spectrum, etiologies, diagnostic implications.Next research · 2026Article
- Clinical utility of Arterial Spin Labeling perfusion images in pediatric neurological emergencies.La Radiologia medica · 2026Review
- Phenotypic Diversity and Outcomes in Pediatric NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A 15-Year Retrospective Study from the Largest Children's Hospital in the United States.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Article
- Predicting epilepsy after new onset refractory status epilepticus due to autoimmune encephalitis: The DAME score.Epilepsia · 2026Article
- The invisible emergencies: metabolic and neuro-critical disorders often missed in the pediatric ED - a narrative review.International journal of emergency medicine · 2026Review
- [Cognitive and psychiatric evolution in autoimmune encephalitis in a school-aged child: Clinical case].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2026Article
- Case Report: Pediatric Hallucinations and Anti-Neuronal Intermediate Filament Autoimmune Encephalitis.Clinical practice and cases in emergency medicine · 2026Article
87 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Tania CellucciFrom the Department of Pediatrics (T.C.), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (H.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (W.G., K.V.H.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Rheumatology (M.S.K.-G.), Ann & Robert H, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology (J.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.); Neuroimmunology Group (R.C.D.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Heather Van MaterFrom the Department of Pediatrics (T.C.), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (H.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (W.G., K.V.H.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Rheumatology (M.S.K.-G.), Ann & Robert H, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology (J.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.); Neuroimmunology Group (R.C.D.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Francesc GrausFrom the Department of Pediatrics (T.C.), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (H.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (W.G., K.V.H.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Rheumatology (M.S.K.-G.), Ann & Robert H, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology (J.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.); Neuroimmunology Group (R.C.D.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Eyal MuscalFrom the Department of Pediatrics (T.C.), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (H.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (W.G., K.V.H.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Rheumatology (M.S.K.-G.), Ann & Robert H, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology (J.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.); Neuroimmunology Group (R.C.D.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
William GallentineFrom the Department of Pediatrics (T.C.), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (H.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (W.G., K.V.H.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Rheumatology (M.S.K.-G.), Ann & Robert H, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology (J.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.); Neuroimmunology Group (R.C.D.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Marisa S Klein-GitelmanFrom the Department of Pediatrics (T.C.), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (H.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (W.G., K.V.H.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Rheumatology (M.S.K.-G.), Ann & Robert H, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology (J.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.); Neuroimmunology Group (R.C.D.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Susanne M BenselerFrom the Department of Pediatrics (T.C.), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (H.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (W.G., K.V.H.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Rheumatology (M.S.K.-G.), Ann & Robert H, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology (J.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.); Neuroimmunology Group (R.C.D.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Jennifer FrankovichFrom the Department of Pediatrics (T.C.), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (H.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (W.G., K.V.H.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Rheumatology (M.S.K.-G.), Ann & Robert H, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology (J.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.); Neuroimmunology Group (R.C.D.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Mark P GormanFrom the Department of Pediatrics (T.C.), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (H.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (W.G., K.V.H.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Rheumatology (M.S.K.-G.), Ann & Robert H, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology (J.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.); Neuroimmunology Group (R.C.D.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Keith Van HarenFrom the Department of Pediatrics (T.C.), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (H.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (W.G., K.V.H.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Rheumatology (M.S.K.-G.), Ann & Robert H, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology (J.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.); Neuroimmunology Group (R.C.D.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Josep DalmauFrom the Department of Pediatrics (T.C.), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (H.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (W.G., K.V.H.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Rheumatology (M.S.K.-G.), Ann & Robert H, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology (J.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.); Neuroimmunology Group (R.C.D.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Russell C DaleFrom the Department of Pediatrics (T.C.), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (H.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Neuroimmunology Program (F.G., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (W.G., K.V.H.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Rheumatology (M.S.K.-G.), Ann & Robert H, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology (J.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.); Neuroimmunology Group (R.C.D.), Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Russell.dale@health.nsw.gov.au.
McMaster Children's Hospital · CA
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveAutoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an important and treatable cause of acute encephalitis. Diagnosis of AE in a developing child is challenging because of overlap in clinical presentations with other diseases and complexity of normal behavior changes. Existing diagnostic criteria for adult AE require modification to be applied to children, who differ from adults in their clinical presentations, paraclinical findings, autoantibody profiles, treatment response, and long-term outcomes.
methodsA subcommittee of the Autoimmune Encephalitis International Working Group collaborated through conference calls and email correspondence to consider the pediatric-specific approach to AE. The subcommittee reviewed the literature of relevant AE studies and sought additional input from other expert clinicians and researchers.
resultsExisting consensus criteria for adult AE were refined for use in children. Provisional pediatric AE classification criteria and an algorithm to facilitate early diagnosis are proposed. There is also discussion about how to distinguish pediatric AE from conditions within the differential diagnosis.
conclusionsDiagnosing AE is based on the combination of a clinical history consistent with pediatric AE and supportive diagnostic testing, which includes but is not dependent on antibody testing. The proposed criteria and algorithm require validation in prospective pediatric cohorts.
Indexed as
AlgorithmsAdolescentAutoantibodiesAutoimmune Diseases of the Nervous SystemChildConsensusDiagnosis, DifferentialEncephalitisHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingPractice Guidelines as TopicAutoantibodies
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