ArticleInternational journal of clinical and experimental pathology2018
TLR3 regulates PD-L1 expression in human cytomegalovirus infected glioblastoma.
Article in International journal of clinical and experimental pathology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Does human cytomegalovirus provide a novel therapeutic target for patients with glioblastoma?Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Autophagy as a Target for Non-Immune Intrinsic Functions of Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 in Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Cytomegalovirus-Specific Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Treatments.Brain tumor research and treatment · 2022Review
- Toll-like receptors and toll-like receptor-targeted immunotherapy against glioma.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2021Review
- Potential Impact of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection on Immunity to Ovarian Tumours and Cancer Progression.Biomedicines · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumor of adults, is characterized by poor survival rates. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, CD274) has been implicated in the immune escape of glioblastoma. The presence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has sparked considerable interest and controversy. The exposure of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) to pathogens induces an antiviral state in cells or in animals. In the current study, the expression of PD-L1 and TLR3 in HCMV-infected glioma specimens was observed to be higher compared to the control. We therefore investigated if PD-L1 expression in glioblastoma is mediated by TLR3 triggering in HCMV infected glioblastoma. TLR3 siRNA transfections were utilized to identify the induction of PD-L1 via TLR3 triggering in HCMV infected cell lines. Also, IL-8 and TGF-β were detected by ELISA for the antitumor role of TLR3. Thus, we propose a novel immune treatment using a combination of PD-L1 blockade with TLR3 triggering against HCMV infected glioblastoma.
Indexed as
Identifiers
31949612PMC6963014W3006139119What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.