ArticleHuman molecular genetics2020
Prediagnostic breast milk DNA methylation alterations in women who develop breast cancer.
Article in Human molecular genetics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of progress toward unlocking the power of epigenetics in breast cancer: latest updates and perspectives.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Epigenetic Ageing and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review.Cancer medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Human milk: insights on cell composition, organoids and emerging applications.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Accessing the DNA in Breast Tissue: Adhesive Cell Capture from Flow onto Fibers of Cellulose Papers.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
- Maternal Diet Quality in Pregnancy and Human Milk Extracellular Vesicle and Particle microRNA.Epigenetics reports · 2025Article
- Human milk variation is shaped by maternal genetics and impacts the infant gut microbiome.Cell genomics · 2024Article
- Maternal-Infant Factors in Relation to Extracellular Vesicle and Particle miRNA in Prenatal Plasma and in Postpartum Human Milk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Application of Novel Breast Biospecimen Cell-Type Adjustment Identifies Shared DNA Methylation Alterations in Breast Tissue and Milk with Breast Cancer-Risk Factors.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- HiTIMED: hierarchical tumor immune microenvironment epigenetic deconvolution for accurate cell type resolution in the tumor microenvironment using tumor-type-specific DNA methylation data.Journal of translational medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- Investigation of the effects of downregulation of jumping translocation breakpoint (JTB) protein expression in MCF7 cells for potential use as a biomarker in breast cancer.American journal of cancer research · 2022Article
- Liquid biopsies to distinguish malignant from benign pulmonary nodules.Thoracic cancer · 2021Review
- Article
- Prediagnostic breast milk DNA methylation alterations in women who develop breast cancer.Human molecular genetics · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Prior candidate gene studies have shown tumor suppressor DNA methylation in breast milk related with history of breast biopsy, an established risk factor for breast cancer. To further establish the utility of breast milk as a tissue-specific biospecimen for investigations of breast carcinogenesis, we measured genome-wide DNA methylation in breast milk from women with and without a diagnosis of breast cancer in two independent cohorts. DNA methylation was assessed using Illumina HumanMethylation450k in 87 breast milk samples. Through an epigenome-wide association study we explored CpG sites associated with a breast cancer diagnosis in the prospectively collected milk samples from the breast that would develop cancer compared with women without a diagnosis of breast cancer using linear mixed effects models adjusted for history of breast biopsy, age, RefFreeCellMix cell estimates, time of delivery, array chip and subject as random effect. We identified 58 differentially methylated CpG sites associated with a subsequent breast cancer diagnosis (q-value <0.05). Nearly all CpG sites associated with a breast cancer diagnosis were hypomethylated in cases compared with controls and were enriched for CpG islands. In addition, inferred repeat element methylation was lower in breast milk DNA from cases compared to controls, and cases exhibited increased estimated epigenetic mitotic tick rate as well as DNA methylation age compared with controls. Breast milk has utility as a biospecimen for prospective assessment of disease risk, for understanding the underlying molecular basis of breast cancer risk factors and improving primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.