ArticlePreventive medicine reports2020
County-level associations between tobacco retailer density and smoking prevalence in the USA, 2012.
Article in Preventive medicine reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- A smoking cessation intervention for rural veterans tailored to individual risk factors: A multicenter randomized clinical trial.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Trial
- The interaction of tobacco retailer density and rurality with tobacco use prevalence in Kentucky.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2026Article
- Tobacco retailer density and its association with birth outcomes in the USA: 2000-2016.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Supply and demand effects between tobacco retailer density and smoking prevalence.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Community Awareness-Raising to Support Tobacco Policy: Results from an App-Based Photo-Mapping Activity with College Students.Journal of community health · 2025Article
- Does living near a tobacco retailer impact the efficacy of smoking cessation treatments?: Analysis from a randomized trial.Addictive behaviors reports · 2025Article
- Tobacco retailer density and rurality across four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina, and Ohio.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025Article
- Using systems science to advance health equity in tobacco control: a causal loop diagram of smoking.Tobacco control · 2023Review
- Urban-rural differences in tobacco product availability in food retailers, United States, 2017.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2023Article
- Association of tobacco use with the tobacco-related built environment: an ecological study from urban slums of Bhopal, India.Global health research and policy · 2023Article
- Relapse to problem drinking or trading up to spirits? Using U.S. national cross-sectional survey data to highlight possible negative impacts of potential tobacco retail changes.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2022Article
- Variations in Tobacco Retailer Type Across Community Characteristics: Place Matters.Preventing chronic disease · 2022Article
- Sociodemographic Disparities in Tobacco Retailer Density in the United States, 2000-2017.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Spatial analysis of tobacco outlet density on secondhand smoke exposure and asthma health among children in Baltimore City.Tobacco control · 2022Article
- Associations between disparities in tobacco retailer density and disparities in tobacco use.Preventive medicine · 2022Article
- Cigarettes smoked among daily and non-daily smokers following CVS Health's tobacco-free pharmacy policy.Tobacco control · 2022Article
- Longitudinal analysis of tobacco and vape retail density in California.Tobacco induced diseases · 2022Article
- Trends in the Number and Type of Tobacco Product Retailers, United States, 2000-2017.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Piloting a spatial mixed method for understanding neighborhood tobacco use disparities.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2021Article
- Associations of County Tobacco Retailer Availability With U.S. Adult Smoking Behaviors, 2014-2015.American journal of preventive medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We examine whether county-level tobacco retailer density and adult smoking prevalence are positively associated in the United States and determine whether associations differ in metropolitan vs. nonmetropolitan counties. We merged a list of likely tobacco retailers from the 2012 National Establishment Time-Series with smoking prevalence data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for 2828 US counties, as well as state tobacco policy information and county-level demographic data for the same year. We modeled adult smoking prevalence as a function of tobacco retailer density, accounting for clustering of counties within states. Average density in US counties was 1.25 retailers per 1000 people (range = 0.3-4.5). Smoking prevalence was 0.86 percentage points higher in the most retailer-dense counties, compared to the least. This association, however, was only significant for metropolitan counties. Metropolitan counties in the highest tobacco retailer density quartile had smoking prevalence levels that were 1.9 percentage points higher than metropolitan counties in the lowest density quartile. Research should examine whether policies limiting the quantity, type and location of tobacco retailers could reduce smoking prevalence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.