ArticlePediatrics2020
Mandatory Vaccination in Europe.
Article in Pediatrics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of strategies to promote vaccination uptake.Nature human behaviour · 2024Pooled it
- Adherence to recommended immunization schedule during adolescence: findings of a cross-sectional study in the Southern part of Italy.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Attitudes to mandatory COVID-19 vaccination in early life: findings from the multi-country cross-sectional CANDOUR study.Health promotion international · 2026Article
- Understanding Motivating Factors for COVID-19 Vaccination in Families Defaulting from Childhood Immunization: A Mixed-Methods Study in Pakistan.Pediatric reports · 2026Article
- Characterizing the landscape of pediatric immunization schedules in the US and Europe.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- The associations between childhood vaccine history and COVID-19 vaccine uptake among older adults in 28 high-income countries.Research square · 2025Article
- Article
- Global socioeconomic inequalities in vaccination coverage, supply, and confidence.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Exploring barriers to the COVID-19 vaccine in people with psychoses in Western Australia.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Impact of Australia's No Jab, No Pay policy on vaccination uptake - a before-after study in two national birth cohorts.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Unity in Diversity and Diversity in Unity-Vaccination Policies in EU Countries.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Childhood Mandatory Vaccinations: Current Situation in European Countries and Changes Occurred from 2014 to 2024.Vaccines · 2024Review
- The implementation of a new measles vaccine mandate in Germany: A qualitative study in local health departments.PloS one · 2024Article
- Reducing Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake: Community Ideas from Urban and Rural Kenya.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Healthcare professionals' attitudes to mandatory COVID-19 vaccination: Cross-sectional survey data from four European countries.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Trustworthiness of information sources on vaccines for COVID-19 prevention among Brazilians.PloS one · 2023Article
- Effect of the mandatory vaccination law on measles and rubella incidence and vaccination coverage in Italy (2013-2019).Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Article
- Evolving measles status and immunization policy development in six European countries.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Review
- Adverse Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination: Machine Learning and Statistical Approach to Identify and Classify Incidences of Morbidity and Postvaccination Reactogenicity.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMandatory vaccination has been effective in maintaining high vaccination coverage in countries such as the United States. However, there are no peer-reviewed analyses of the association between mandates and both coverage and subsequent incidence of vaccine-preventable disease in Europe.
methodsUsing data from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the World Health Organization, we evaluated the relationship between country-level mandatory vaccination policies and (1) measles and pertussis vaccine coverage and (2) the annual incidence of these diseases in 29 European countries. Multivariate negative binomial and linear regression models were used to quantify these associations.
resultsMandatory vaccination was associated with a 3.71 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68 to 5.74) percentage point higher prevalence of measles vaccination and a 2.14 (95% CI: 0.13 to 4.15) percentage point higher prevalence of pertussis vaccination when compared with countries that did not have mandatory vaccination. Mandatory vaccination was only associated with decreased measles incidence for countries without nonmedical exemptions (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.36). We did not find a significant association between mandatory vaccination and pertussis incidence.
conclusionsMandatory vaccination and the magnitude of fines were associated with higher vaccination coverage. Moreover, mandatory vaccination was associated with lower measles incidence for countries with mandatory vaccination without nonmedical exemptions. These findings can inform legislative policies aimed at increasing vaccination coverage.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.