ReviewJournal of bacteriology2020
Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Evolution and Revolutions.
Review in Journal of bacteriology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 185 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
185 citing papers in PubMed, 277 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acquisition and erosion of toxin-antitoxin systems in bacterial chromosomes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- A haloarchaeal VapBC toxin-antitoxin system: regulatory mechanism and role in establishing population heterogeneity to facilitate survival of subpopulations under stress conditions.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Genetic determinants of disinfectant and antibiotic resistance, and virulence factors in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from a pasteurized crab canning environment.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Article
- Article
- Harnessing toxin-mediated ribosome stalling as a complementary tool to annotate bacterial ORFs.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- First Report and Comprehensive Risk Index ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Bioengineering Interventions to Enhance the Capacity of the Gut Microbiota in Controlling Food Allergies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Very high CONAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2026Article
- VapC36-mediated intrinsic stress adaption is required for copper tolerance and pathogenesis ofScience advances · 2026Article
- The plasmid-host fitness landscape: a new paradigm for predicting the fate of mobile resistance.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- The HigB-like SehA toxin promotes non-replicating Salmonella inside macrophages by inhibiting ribonuclease III-dependent rRNA maturation.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Spontaneous TisB toxin expression modulatesFEMS microbes · 2026Article
- MagnetotacticISME communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Insights into toxin-antitoxin systems in the genusApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Review
- NovelInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Post-transcriptional control during T4 infection.EcoSal Plus · 2025Review
- Functional Coupling and Evolutionary Relationships Between Toxin-Antitoxin Systems and CRISPR-Cas Systems.Toxins · 2025Review
- Molecular insights into silver nanoparticle resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii and unique adaptations to ionic silver.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Article
- Battle beyond membrane: flagella as a conduit for phage DNA entry and a trigger for bacterial defense in Yersinia enterocolitica.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
125 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxic protein and its cognate antitoxin protein, the latter counteracting the toxicity of the former. While TA systems were initially discovered on plasmids, functioning as addiction modules through a phenomenon called postsegregational killing, they were later shown to be massively present in bacterial chromosomes, often in association with mobile genetic elements. Extensive research has been conducted in recent decades to better understand the physiological roles of these chromosomally encoded modules and to characterize the conditions leading to their activation. The diversity of their proposed roles, ranging from genomic stabilization and abortive phage infection to stress modulation and antibiotic persistence, in conjunction with the poor understanding of TA system regulation, resulted in the generation of simplistic models, often refuted by contradictory results. This review provides an epistemological and critical retrospective on TA modules and highlights fundamental questions concerning their roles and regulations that still remain unanswered.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.