ReviewBiological psychiatry2020
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Inflammation: Untangling Issues of Bidirectionality.
Review in Biological psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the interplay between posttraumatic stress disorder, gut microbiota, and inflammatory biomarkers: a comprehensive meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Handgrip Strength Among World Trade Center Firefighters and Emergency Medical Responders.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Neuroimmune regulation of behavior: Focus on sensory circumventricular organs and associated cell circuit mechanisms.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Review
- Post-traumatic stress disorder and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a nationwide population and sibling-controlled cohort study in Taiwan.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2026Article
- Inflammatory biomarker outcomes associated with MDMA-assisted therapy: an open-label exploratory study.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- The effect of tert-butylhydroquinone on anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like behaviors induced by post-traumatic stress disorder: A behavioral and molecular study.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Article
- Posttraumatic stress disorder and epigenetic signatures of inflammation in middle-aged women.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Risk of Cardiovascular Events During Delivery Hospitalization Among Pregnant Patients With Mental Health Conditions.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Psychological trauma increases blood pressure sensitivity to angiotensin II via T-lymphocytes independent of psychopathology.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Examining the timing of trauma, PTSD onset, and DNA methylation: A multicohort investigation of candidate CpG sites.Journal of psychiatric research · 2025Article
- Psychological, neuroendocrine and inflammatory stress responses in women after miscarriage or stillbirth: investigating early psychobiological adaptations to potential traumatic events.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Article
- Quantifying the association of Life's Crucial 9 with cardiovascular diseases among elderly hypertensive patients managed in primary care settings.Population health metrics · 2025Article
- C-reactive protein as a possible indicator of PTSD prognosis and comorbid anhedonia.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Post-traumatic stress disorder: evolving conceptualization and evidence, and future research directions.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025Article
- Prenatal inflammation and trauma symptoms in Latina mothers: The role of discrimination and growing up in an ethnic minoritized context.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- An intersectional examination of the relationship between racial/ethnic discrimination and psychotic-like experiences: the role of other psychiatric symptoms.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- Risk factors for PTSD symptoms following PICU admission for childhood septic shock.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Psychological trauma increases blood pressure sensitivity to angiotensin II via T-lymphocytes independent of psychopathology.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Potentially traumatic events, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and skin-related quality of life among adults with self-reported skin disease symptoms.Archives of dermatological research · 2024Article
- Cannabidiol Modulates Neuroinflammatory Markers in a PTSD Model Conducted on Female Rats.Biomolecules · 2024Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has increasingly been linked to heightened systemic inflammation. It matters whether this association is causal (and either bidirectional or unidirectional) or correlational. Investigators have hypothesized that chronic systemic low-grade inflammation may contribute to greater risk of developing PTSD after experiencing trauma and/or serve as a mechanism linking PTSD to adverse physical health outcomes. However, if the PTSD-inflammation relation is correlational, it may not warrant further research aimed at understanding inflammation as a PTSD risk factor or as a pathway linking PTSD with poor health. In this review, we first assess the longitudinal evidence related to PTSD and inflammation to understand more clearly the directionality and causal nature of this relation. Overall, few longitudinal studies rigorously assess the direction of the PTSD-inflammation relation. Some of the evidence indicates that elevated inflammation assessed pretrauma or in the acute aftermath of trauma increases risk for developing PTSD. Fewer studies evaluate the influence of PTSD on subsequent inflammation levels, and findings are mixed. Sample characteristics and study designs, and also the type of inflammation-related measure, vary widely across studies. Based on current evidence, we then recommend several statistical and study design approaches that may help untangle issues of bidirectionality and aid in determining the direction of causality between PTSD and inflammation. Last, we conclude with future research directions and consider potential implications for interventions or treatment approaches based on this growing body of literature.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.