ReviewFrontiers in psychology2019
Effect Declines Are Systematic, Strong, and Ubiquitous: A Meta-Meta-Analysis of the Decline Effect in Intelligence Research.
Review in Frontiers in psychology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Psychotic Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta analysis of open label placebo effects in chronic musculoskeletal pain.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Smoking behavior is associated with suicidality in individuals with psychosis and bipolar disorder: a systematic quantitative review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Pooled it
- Memory retention following acoustic stimulation in slow-wave sleep: a meta-analytic review of replicability and measurement quality.Frontiers in sleep · 2023Pooled it
- Meta-analyzing intelligence and religiosity associations: Evidence from the multiverse.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- The parent-child relationship and child shame and guilt: A meta-analytic systematic review.Child developmentPooled it
- Psychosocial and academic outcomes of an ethnic-racial identity intervention in Sweden.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2025Trial
- Reassessing Choice Probability: What 59 Macaque Studies Tell Us About Decision-Related Activity in Visual Cortex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Flexible nonparametric assessment of time-lag bias in meta-analysis.Biostatistics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Article
- Associations between psychological or biological stress indicators and gut microbiota in pregnant women - findings from a prospective longitudinal study.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: A Meta-Analysis on the Validity of Self-Assessed Intelligence through the Lens of the Multiverse.Journal of Intelligence · 2024Review
- Impact of redefining statistical significance on P-hacking and false positive rates: An agent-based model.PloS one · 2024Article
- Publication bias impacts on effect size, statistical power, and magnitude (Type M) and sign (Type S) errors in ecology and evolutionary biology.BMC biology · 2023Article
- A meta-epidemiological study on the reported treatment effect of pregabalin in neuropathic pain trials over time.PloS one · 2023Article
- How much does the typical ecological meta-analysis overestimate the true mean effect size?Ecology and evolution · 2022Article
- Of differing methods, disputed estimates and discordant interpretations: the meta-analytical multiverse of brain volume and IQ associations.Royal Society open science · 2022Article
- Effect Sizes, Power, and Biases in Intelligence Research: A Meta-Meta-Analysis.Journal of Intelligence · 2020Article
- Priming behavior: A meta-analysis of the effects of behavioral and nonbehavioral primes on overt behavioral outcomes.Psychological bulletinArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Empirical sciences in general and psychological science in particular are plagued by replicability problems and biased published effect sizes. Although dissemination bias-related phenomena such as publication bias, time-lag bias, or visibility bias are well-known and have been intensively studied, another variant of effect distorting mechanisms, so-called decline effects, have not. Conceptually, decline effects are rooted in low initial (exploratory) study power due to strategic researcher behavior and can be expected to yield overproportional effect declines. Although decline effects have been documented in individual meta-analytic investigations, systematic evidence for decline effects in the psychological literature remains to date unavailable. Therefore, we present in this meta-meta-analysis a systematic investigation of the decline effect in intelligence research. In all, data from 22 meta-analyses comprising 36 meta-analytical and 1,391 primary effect sizes (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.