ArticlePloS one2020
Aberrant cervical innate immunity predicts onset of dysbiosis and sexually transmitted infections in women of reproductive age.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacterial Load ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- UnveilingiScience · 2025Article
- Exploring the Potential Use of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics as Adjuvants for Modulating the Vaginal Microbiome: a Bibliometric Review.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Review
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- Cervicovaginal Microbial-Immune State and Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Pregnancy.American journal of perinatology · 2024Article
- Vaginal candida infection is associated with host molecular signatures of neutrophil activation in the adjacent ectocervical mucosa in Kenyan sex workers.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2024Article
- Cervical and systemic innate immunity predictors of HIV risk linked to genital herpes acquisition and time from HSV-2 seroconversion.Sexually transmitted infections · 2023Article
- Article
- Defensins: defenders of human reproductive health.Human reproduction update · 2023Review
- Considerations for Choosing Soluble Immune Markers to Determine Safety of Novel Vaginal Products.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2022Review
- The female reproductive tract microbiotas, inflammation, and gynecological conditions.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2022Review
- The Complex Link between the Female Genital Microbiota, Genital Infections, and Inflammation.Infection and immunity · 2021Review
- Microbial mismanagement: how inadequate treatments for vaginal dysbiosis drive the HIV epidemic in women.Seminars in immunology · 2021Review
- Immunometabolic Analysis ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Article
- Concomitant Imbalances of Systemic and Mucosal Immunity Increase HIV Acquisition Risk.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection in indigenous Brazilian women.PloS one · 2020Article
- DefectiveGut microbesArticle
- DEFB126 2-nt Deletion (rs11467417) as a Potential Risk Factor for Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection and Subsequent Infertility in Iranian Men.Journal of reproduction & infertilityArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and vaginal dysbiosis (disturbed resident microbiota presenting with abnormal Nugent score or candidiasis) have been associated with mucosal inflammation and risk of HIV-1 infection, cancer and poor reproductive outcomes. To date, the temporal relationships between aberrant cervical innate immunity and the clinical onset of microbial disturbance have not been studied in a large population of reproductive age women. We examined data from a longitudinal cohort of 934 Ugandan and Zimbabwean women contributing 3,274 HIV-negative visits who had complete laboratory, clinical and demographic data. Among those, 207 women later acquired HIV, and 584 women were intermittently diagnosed with C. trachomatis (CT), N. gonorrhoeae (NG), genital herpes (HSV-2), T. vaginalis (TV), candidiasis, and abnormal intermediate (4-6) or high (7-10) Nugent score, i.e. bacterial vaginosis (BV). Immune biomarker concentrations in cervical swabs were analyzed by generalized linear and mixed effect models adjusting for site, age, hormonal contraceptive use (HC), pregnancy, breastfeeding, genital practices, unprotected sex and overlapping infections. High likelihood ratios (1.5-4.9) denoted the values of cervical immune biomarkers to predict onset of abnormal Nugent score and candidiasis at the next visits. When controlling for covariates, higher levels of β-defensin-2 were antecedent to BV, CT and HSV-2, lower anti-inflammatory ratio IL-1RA:IL-1β-to intermediate Nugent scores and candida, lower levels of the serine protease inhibitor SLPI-to candida, lower levels of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 -to TV, and lower levels of the oxidative stress mitigator and endothelial activation marker VEGF-to NG. Changes in innate immunity following onset of dysbiosis and infections were dependent on HC use when controlling for all other covariates. In conclusion, imminent female genital tract dysbiosis or infection can be predicted by distinct patterns of innate immunity. Future research should characterize biotic and abiotic determinants of this pre-existing innate immunity state.
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