Trial reportThe Journal of nutrition2020
Replacing Saturated Fats with Unsaturated Fats from Walnuts or Vegetable Oils Lowers Atherogenic Lipoprotein Classes Without Increasing Lipoprotein(a).
Trial report in The Journal of nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01235832 (The Effect of One Avocado Per Day on Established and Emerging Cardiovascular Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of One Avocado Per Day on Established and Emerging Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does Medication Status Impact the Effectiveness of Nuts in Altering Blood Pressure and Lipids? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrition reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Walnut consumption and health outcomes with public health relevance-a systematic review of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials published from 2017 to present.Nutrition reviews · 2022Pooled it
- The Effect of Walnut Intake on Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of a Mediterranean-Inspired Diet on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Effects of mixed nut consumption on LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and other cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults.Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD · 2023Trial
- Food and Nutrient Displacement by Walnut Supplementation in a Randomized Crossover Study.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Lipoprotein(a) and Effects of Diet: Time for Reassessment.Nutrients · 2025Review
- The Impact of Diet on Lipoprotein(a) Levels.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The identification and expression analysis of walnut Acyl-ACP thioesterases.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Article
- Perspective: Challenges and Future Directions in Clinical Research with Nuts and Berries.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Article
- Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Effects of Nut Consumption on Blood Lipids and Lipoproteins: A Comprehensive Literature Update.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Supplementation with protected kapok seed oil and choline chloride to improve the performance and lipid status of thin-tailed sheep.Veterinary world · 2023Article
- Non-genetic influences on lipoprotein(a) concentrations.Atherosclerosis · 2022Review
- Modification of High-Density Lipoprotein Functions by Diet and Other Lifestyle Changes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Effects of freeze-dried pulp ofJournal of food science and technology · 2021Article
- Functional Food and Bioactive Compounds on the Modulation of the Functionality of HDL-C: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Role of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) on Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Resistance in Human.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2021Article
- Review
- Association of two types of dietary pattern scores with cardiovascular disease risk factors and serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels in Saudi Arabia.Food & nutrition research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWalnuts have established lipid-/lipoprotein-lowering properties; however, their effect on lipoprotein subclasses has not been investigated. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which walnuts improve lipid/lipoprotein concentrations are incompletely understood.
objectivesWe aimed to examine, as exploratory outcomes of this trial, the effect of replacing SFAs with unsaturated fats from walnuts or vegetable oils on lipoprotein subclasses, cholesterol efflux, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9).
methodsA randomized, crossover, controlled-feeding study was conducted in individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (n = 34; 62% men; mean ± SD age 44 ± 10 y; BMI: 30.1 ± 4.9 kg/m2). After a 2-wk run-in diet (12% SFAs, 7% PUFAs, 12% MUFAs), subjects consumed the following diets, in randomized order, for 6 wk: 1) walnut diet (WD) [57-99 g/d walnuts, 7% SFAs, 16% PUFAs [2.7% α-linolenic acid (ALA)], 9% MUFAs]; 2) walnut fatty acid-matched diet [7% SFAs, 16% PUFAs (2.6% ALA), 9% MUFAs]; and 3) oleic acid replaces ALA diet (ORAD) [7% SFAs, 14% PUFAs (0.4% ALA); 12% MUFAs] (all percentages listed are of total kilocalories ). Serum collected after the run-in (baseline) and each diet period was analyzed for lipoprotein classes and subclasses (vertical auto profile), cholesterol efflux, and PCSK9. Linear mixed models were used for data analysis.
resultsCompared with the ORAD, total cholesterol (mean ± SEM -8.9± 2.3 mg/dL; -5.1%; P < 0.001), non-HDL cholesterol (-7.4 ± 2.0 mg/dL; -5.4%; P = 0.001), and LDL cholesterol (-6.9 ± 1.9 mg/dL; -6.5%; P = 0.001) were lower after the WD; no other pairwise differences existed. There were no between-diet differences for HDL-cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol subclasses. Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], cholesterol efflux, and PCSK9 were unchanged after the diets.
conclusionsIn individuals at risk of CVD, replacement of SFAs with unsaturated fats from walnuts or vegetable oils improved lipid/lipoprotein classes, including LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol, without an increase in Lp(a). These improvements were not explained by changes in cholesterol efflux capacity or PCSK9. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01235832.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.