ReviewFrontiers in psychiatry2019
Cytokine Alterations in Schizophrenia: An Updated Review.
Review in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 152 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
152 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 266 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relationships Between Immune-Inflammatory Features and Social Cognitive Impairments in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Importance of the dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway on cognition in schizophrenia: a systematic review of clinical studies.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Inflammation in first-episode psychosis: The contribution of inflammatory biomarkers to the emergence of negative symptoms, a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2022Pooled it
- Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: An updated conceptual review.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022Pooled it
- Immune System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: An Integrative View and Translational Perspectives.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Increased C-reactive protein concentration and suicidal behavior in people with psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2021Pooled it
- The Role of Peripheral Inflammation in Clinical Outcome and Brain Imaging Abnormalities in Psychosis: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- A Randomised Feasibility Trial of a Service-Coordinated Exercise Intervention in First-Episode Psychosis: Challenges in Implementation and Outcome Assessment.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2026Trial
- A double-blind, randomized controlled study of the effects of celecoxib on clinical symptoms and cognitive impairment in patients with drug-naïve first episode schizophrenia: pharmacogenetic impact of cyclooxygenase-2 functional polymorphisms.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- The Role of Total White Blood Cell Count in Antipsychotic Treatment for Patients with Schizophrenia.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Trial
- Investigating changes in the blood-brain barrier in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: design and methodology of a longitudinal dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Impact of atypical antipsychotics on cytokine profiles in schizophrenia: An 8-week longitudinal study.Indian journal of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Cancer-related mortality among individuals with schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.BJPsych open · 2026Review
- From weather to symptoms: Preliminary links between weather and inflammation in schizophrenia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Distributional Characterization of CBC-Derived Inflammatory Indices in Hospitalized Patients with Schizophrenia.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Integrated alterations in inflammation, endothelial function, and extracellular matrix pathways in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Shared genetic architecture between schizophrenia and gastrointestinal diseases: insights from large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis.Annals of general psychiatry · 2026Article
- Peripheral inflammation mediates cognitive deficits in drug-naive schizophrenia through hippocampal-thalamo-visual circuitry dysfunction.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Markers of neuroinflammation in the CSF of patients with difficult to treat psychiatric disease.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective effects of rutin, sodium selenite, and rutin-conjugated selenium nanoparticles in a social isolation model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
92 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Schizophrenia, a multisystem disorder with an unknown etiology, is associated with several immune dysfunctions, including abnormal levels of circulating cytokines. In this review, we investigated the changes of cytokines in schizophrenic patients, their connection with behavioral symptoms severity and their potential clinical implications. We also assessed the possible causative role of abnormal cytokine levels in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Based on meta-analyses, we categorized cytokines according to their changes in schizophrenic patients into four groups: (1) increased cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-12, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, (2) non-altered cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17, (3) increased or non-altered cytokines, including IL-8 and interferon (IFN)-γ, and (4) IL-10 with increased, decreased, and non-altered levels. Notably, alterations in cytokines may be variable in four different categories of SP, including first-episode and drug-naïve, first-episode and non-drug-naïve, stable chronic, and chronic in acute relapse. Furthermore, disease duration, symptoms severity, incidence of aggression, and cognitive abilities are correlated with levels of certain cytokines. Clinical implications of investigating the levels of cytokine in schizophrenic patients include early diagnosis, novel therapeutic targets development, patient stratification for choosing the best therapeutic protocol, and predicting the prognosis and treatment response. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, IL-2 are related to the treatment response. The available evidence shows a potential causative role for cytokines in schizophrenia development. There is a substantial need for studies investigating the levels of cytokines before disease development and delineating the therapeutic implications of the disrupted cytokine levels in schizophrenia.
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