ArticleNature genetics2020
The Indian cobra reference genome and transcriptome enables comprehensive identification of venom toxins.
Article in Nature genetics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers.
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108 citing papers in PubMed, 234 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genomic structural variation rescues a classic biological invader from a population bottleneck.Science advances · 2026Article
- De novo chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).Poultry science · 2026Article
- Venom variation and the future of antivenom design: Integrating population venomics, evolutionary toxinology, and precision therapeutics.Toxicon: X · 2026Review
- Burden of Mortality and Morbidity Caused by Snakebites Contributes to Economic Loss in a Rural Population in India.Toxins · 2026Article
- Chromosome-level reference genome for the common wall gecko (Tarentola mauritanica) enables comparative and functional studies in geckos.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of venom genes in the chromosome-level genomes of two closely related cone snails.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Comprehensive molecular characterization and comparison of venom proteins and transcripts in three Gloydius species from South Korea.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Golden Lancehead Genome Reveals Distinct Selective Processes Acting on Venom Genes of an Island Endemic Snake.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic Insights Into the Evolution of Snake Venom: Mechanisms, Diversity, and Adaptation.Scientifica · 2026Review
- Molecular mechanisms underlying early functional divergence in snake venom inferred from the genomes of two pitviper lineages.BMC biology · 2025Article
- Genome of venomous caterpillarProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- A Chromosome-level Genome Assembly of the Western Nose-Horned Viper (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes).Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Ancestral Chromosome-Level Assemblies Reveal Posthybridization Genome Evolution in the New Mexico Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis neomexicanus).Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Unveiling the Evolutionary History of European Vipers and Their Venoms From a Multi-Omic Approach.Molecular ecology · 2025Article
- Identification of cobra and viper bites in southern India using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Laboratory medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- The gene regulatory mechanisms shaping the heterogeneity of venom production in the Cape coral snake.Genome biology · 2025Article
- Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly and Annotation of the Amur Rat Snake Elaphe schrenckii.Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
- A Segregating Structural Variant Defines Novel Venom Phenotypes in the Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial Peptide Databases as the Guiding Resource in New Antimicrobial Agent Identification via Computational Methods.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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42 authors at 10 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a serious and neglected tropical disease that kills ~100,000 people annually. High-quality, genome-enabled comprehensive characterization of toxin genes will facilitate development of effective humanized recombinant antivenom. We report a de novo near-chromosomal genome assembly of Naja naja, the Indian cobra, a highly venomous, medically important snake. Our assembly has a scaffold N50 of 223.35 Mb, with 19 scaffolds containing 95% of the genome. Of the 23,248 predicted protein-coding genes, 12,346 venom-gland-expressed genes constitute the 'venom-ome' and this included 139 genes from 33 toxin families. Among the 139 toxin genes were 19 'venom-ome-specific toxins' (VSTs) that showed venom-gland-specific expression, and these probably encode the minimal core venom effector proteins. Synthetic venom reconstituted through recombinant VST expression will aid in the rapid development of safe and effective synthetic antivenom. Additionally, our genome could serve as a reference for snake genomes, support evolutionary studies and enable venom-driven drug discovery.
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