ArticleBrain sciences2019
TGF-β Promotes the Proliferation of Microglia In Vitro.
Article in Brain sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Arp2/3 complex controls the development of homeostatic microglia.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Apolipoprotein E Deficiency Impairs Human Microglial Proliferation Accompanied by Elevated Cellular Oxidative Stress.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Article
- A co-culture system to study the effects of Poly I:C-activated microglia on the differentiation of murine primary neural stem cells.In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal · 2025Article
- Substrate stiffness and pressure alter retinal Müller glia response and extracellular matrix production.Biomaterials and biosystems · 2025Article
- Effect of transforming growth factor beta receptor I inhibitors on myotube formation in vitro.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Inhibition of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway Confers Neuroprotective Effects on Beta-Amyloid-Induced Direct Neurotoxicity and Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation.Neurology research international · 2025Article
- 'Comprehensive review of emerging drug targets in traumatic brain injury (TBI): challenges and future scope.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Review
- Review
- Peptide discovery across the spectrum of neuroinflammation; microglia and astrocyte phenotypical targeting, mediation, and mechanistic understanding.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Investigating the Role of TGF-β Signaling Pathways in Human Corneal Endothelial Cell Primary Culture.Cells · 2023Article
- Oncostatin M Improves Cutaneous Wound Re-Epithelialization and Is Deficient under Diabetic Conditions.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2022Article
- The Pathobiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Case for Neuroglial Failure.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2022Article
- Age and sex differences in primary microglia culture: A comparative study.Journal of neuroscience methods · 2021Article
- Article
- Galunisertib enhances chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cell function.European journal of histochemistry : EJH · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The activation and proliferation of microglia is characteristic of the early stages of brain pathologies. In this study, we aimed to identify a factor that promotes microglial activation and proliferation and examined the in vitro effects on these processes. We cultured microglial cell lines, EOC 2 and SIM-A9, with various growth factors and evaluated cell proliferation, death, and viability. The results showed that only transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) caused an increase in the in vitro proliferation of both microglial cell lines. It has been reported that colony-stimulating factor 1 promotes the proliferation of microglia, while TGF-β promotes both proliferation and inhibition of cell death of microglia. However, upon comparing the most effective doses of both (assessed from the proliferation assay), we identified no statistically significant difference between the two factors in terms of cell death; thus, both have a proliferative effect on microglial cells. In addition, a TGF-β receptor 1 inhibitor, galunisertib, caused marked inhibition of proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that inhibition of TGF-β signalling reduces the proliferation of microglia. Therefore, galunisertib may represent a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases via inhibition of nerve injury-induced microglial proliferation, which may result in reduced inflammatory and neuropathic and cancer pain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.