ArticleNature reviews. Materials2019
Multiscale engineering of immune cells and lymphoid organs.
Article in Nature reviews. Materials, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cell and tissue engineering in lymph nodes for cancer immunotherapy.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Mesenchymal thymic niche cells enable regeneration of the adult thymus and T cell immunity.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Ex vivo bone marrow subniches influence the fate of human antibody-secreting cells.Science advances · 2026Article
- An immune-competent lung-on-a-chip for modelling the human severe influenza infection response.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Naringenin-polyethylene glycol coating of titanium enhances biological seal-related functions of gingival fibroblasts under inflammatory challenge.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2026Article
- Microphysiological Systems of Lymphatics and Immune Organs.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Innovative engineering approaches to model host-microbiome interactions in vitro.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2025Review
- Immune Organoids: A Review of Their Applications in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease Immunotherapy.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Preclinical models in the study of lymph node metastasis.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Review
- Enhanced engraftment of human haematopoietic stem cells via mechanical remodelling mediated by the corticotropin-releasing hormone.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Engineering human immune organoids for translational immunology.Bioactive materials · 2025Review
- T Cells Spatially Regulate B Cell Receptor Signaling in Lymphomas through H3K9me3 Modifications.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Capacity and limitations of microfluidic flow to increase solute transport in three-dimensional cell cultures.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Article
- PH-Triggered, Lymph Node Focused Immunodrug Release by Polymeric 2-Propionic-3-Methyl-maleic Anhydrides with Cholesteryl End Groups.Advanced healthcare materials · 2024Article
- Thymic epithelial organoids mediate T-cell development.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
- Using Chemistry To Recreate the Complexity of the Extracellular Matrix: Guidelines for Supramolecular Hydrogel-Cell Interactions.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2024Review
- Ageing microenvironment mediates lymphocyte carcinogenesis and lymphoma drug resistance: From mechanisms to clinical therapy (Review).International journal of oncology · 2024Review
- The therapeutic potential of immunoengineering for systemic autoimmunity.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2024Review
- The persistent inflammation in COPD: is autoimmunity the core mechanism?European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2024Review
- A cytotoxic T cell inspired oncolytic nanosystem promotes lytic cell death by lipid peroxidation and elicits antitumor immune responses.Nature communications · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immunoengineering applies quantitative and materials-based approaches for the investigation of the immune system and for the development of therapeutic solutions for various diseases, such as infection, cancer, inflammatory diseases and age-related malfunctions. The design of immunomodulatory and cell therapies requires the precise understanding of immune cell formation and activation in primary, secondary and ectopic tertiary immune organs. However, the study of the immune system has long been limited to in vivo approaches, which often do not allow multidimensional control of intracellular and extracellular processes, and to 2D in vitro models, which lack physiological relevance. 3D models built with synthetic and natural materials enable the structural and functional recreation of immune tissues. These models are being explored for the investigation of immune function and dysfunction at the cell, tissue and organ levels. In this Review, we discuss 2D and 3D approaches for the engineering of primary, secondary and tertiary immune structures at multiple scales. We highlight important insights gained using these models and examine multiscale engineering strategies for the design and development of immunotherapies. Finally, dynamic 4D materials are investigated for their potential to provide stimuli-dependent and context-dependent scaffolds for the generation of immune organ models.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.