ArticleCellular & molecular immunology2021
Spaceflight and simulated microgravity suppresses macrophage development via altered RAS/ERK/NFκB and metabolic pathways.
Article in Cellular & molecular immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- The case for space as a model of accelerated aging.Nature aging · 2026Review
- Simulated microgravity alters sperm navigation, fertilization and embryo development in mammals.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Astroimmunology: the effects of spaceflight and its associated stressors on the immune system.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Simulated microgravity affects neuronal synaptic plasticity by regulating microglial pro-inflammatory activation.NPJ microgravity · 2026Article
- Microgravity and cancer cells: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Cell death discovery · 2026Review
- Mechano-immune interactions in musculoskeletal aging: Mechanisms and translational perspectives.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Microgravity activates monocyte ERK1/2 signaling and modulates the response to lipopolysaccharide.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Microgravity Impacts the Expression of Aging-Associated Candidate Gene Targets in the p53 Regulatory Network.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Physical Activity Guidelines for Astronauts: An Immunological Perspective.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Spaceflight exposome/microgravity effects on the psychoimmunoneuroendocrine system.NPJ microgravity · 2025Review
- Immune System-Tumor Crosstalk Under Microgravity: Mechanistic Insights, Challenges, and Translational Perspectives.Cancers · 2025Review
- Aging and Altered Gravity: A Cellular Perspective.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Review
- Sex-specific immune alterations in mice following long-term simulated microgravity and chronic irradiation.NPJ microgravity · 2025Article
- Dissecting the Single-Cell Diversity and Heterogeneity Underlying Cervical Precancerous Lesions and Cancer Tissues.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Microgravity and Cellular Biology: Insights into Cellular Responses and Implications for Human Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Purine metabolism in bone marrow microenvironment inhibits hematopoietic stem cell differentiation under microgravity.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress on the Ground and in the Microgravity Environment: Pathophysiological Effects and Treatment.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Challenges for the human immune system after leaving Earth.NPJ microgravity · 2024Review
- Omics Studies of Specialized Cells and Stem Cells under Microgravity Conditions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Dynamic cellular responses to gravitational forces: Exploring the impact on white blood cell(s).Biomicrofluidics · 2024Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Spaceflight-associated immune system weakening ultimately limits the ability of humans to expand their presence beyond the earth's orbit. A mechanistic study of microgravity-regulated immune cell function is necessary to overcome this challenge. Here, we demonstrate that both spaceflight (real) and simulated microgravity significantly reduce macrophage differentiation, decrease macrophage quantity and functional polarization, and lead to metabolic reprogramming, as demonstrated by changes in gene expression profiles. Moreover, we identified RAS/ERK/NFκB as a major microgravity-regulated pathway. Exogenous ERK and NFκB activators significantly counteracted the effect of microgravity on macrophage differentiation. In addition, microgravity also affects the p53 pathway, which we verified by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Collectively, our data reveal a new mechanism for the effects of microgravity on macrophage development and provide potential molecular targets for the prevention or treatment of macrophage differentiation deficiency in spaceflight.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.