ArticleThe Clinical neuropsychologist2021
Demographically adjusted normative data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 item: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project.
Article in The Clinical neuropsychologist, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Available Normative Data on Neuropsychological Tests for Spanish Speakers in the U.S., Latin America and the Caribbean, and Spain.Neuropsychology review · 2026Pooled it
- The state of neuropsychological test norms for Spanish-speaking adults in the United States.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Pooled it
- Comparison of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction versus cognitive-behavioral therapy on emotion regulation, mindfulness, and cognitive-executive functions in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Journal of education and health promotion · 2025Article
- Split-half reliability estimates of an online card sorting task in a community sample of young and elderly adults.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Assessment of Cognitive Flexibility in Jordanian Diabetic Patients by Wisconsin Card Sorting and Trail Making Tests: Implications with Demographic, Anthropometric and Therapeutic Variables.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2024Article
- Executive Function among Chilean Shellfish Divers: A Cross-Sectional Study Considering Working and Health Conditions in Artisanal Fishing.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Introduction to the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Demographically-adjusted norms for selected tests of verbal fluency: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- The Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project: Overview and considerations for life span research and evidence-based practice.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Neurocognitive impairment in Spanish-speaking Latinos living with HIV in the US: Application of the neuropsychological norms for the US-Mexico border region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS).The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Native Spanish-speaker's test performance and the effects of Spanish-English bilingualism: results from the neuropsychological norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Updated demographically adjusted norms for the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-revised and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-revised in Spanish-speakers from the U.S.-Mexico border region: The NP-NUMBRS project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Demographically adjusted norms for the Trail Making Test in native Spanish speakers: Results from the neuropsychological norms for the US-Mexico border region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Demographically-adjusted norms for the WAIS-R Block Design and Arithmetic subtests: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Demographically-adjusted norms for the paced auditory serial addition test and letter number sequencing test in Spanish-speaking adults: Results from the neuropsychological norms for the U.S.-Mexico border region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Demographically-adjusted norms for the Grooved Pegboard and Finger Tapping tests in Spanish-speaking adults: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Automated procedure for demographic adjustments on cognitive test scores.Applied neuropsychology. AdultArticle
- Article
- Wisconsin Card Sorting Task-64 performance among HIV+ Black/African American and Latinx adults compared to normative samples and by sociocultural and health variables.Applied neuropsychology. AdultArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is among the most commonly used tests of executive functioning. We aimed to generate normative data on the 64-item version of this test (WCST-64) for Spanish-speakers living in the U.S.-Mexico Border region.
methodsParticipants included 189 native Spanish-speakers (Age: 19-60; Education: 0-20; 59.3% female) from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project who completed the WCST-64. Univariable and interactive associations between demographic variables and raw scores were examined via Spearman correlations, Wilcoxon Rank-sum tests and linear regressions.
resultsOlder age was associated with worse performance and education was linked to better performance on most WCST-64 raw scores, with stronger education effects among females than males. The norms developed here resulted in expected rates of impairment (14-16% across measures). Applying published norms for non-Hispanic Blacks resulted in generally comparable impairment rates. In contrast, applying previously published norms for non-Hispanic Whites overestimated impairment (38-52% across measures).
conclusionsThese data will enhance interpretation performance on the WCST-64 for Spanish-speakers living in the U.S.-Mexico Border region. Future work will need to examine the generalizability of these norms to other Hispanic/Latino groups.
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