ArticleBMC ophthalmology2020
Prevalence of myopia and vision impairment in school students in Eastern China.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 90 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Shanghai Guanghua Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
A Comparative Study on the Clinical Efficacy, Quality of Life, and Cost of Use of Peripheral Defocus Spectacles, Frame Glasses, and Orthokeratology Lenses in Myopic Children and Adolescents
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 141 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of myopia in Chinese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Regional variations and temporal trends of childhood myopia prevalence in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2022Pooled it
- The G allele of the IGF1 rs2162679 SNP is a potential protective factor for any myopia: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of wearing dual-focus soft contact lenses on myopia progression: a one-year randomized clinical trial in Chinese school-age children.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Trial
- [Visual Performance of School-age Children Wearing Dual-Focus Soft Contact Lenses: A Randomized Controlled Trial].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2024Trial
- Visual Impairment and Blindness in Indian Myopes Aged 10-40 Years: A Multicenter Hospital-Based Study.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Incidence and Risk Factors of Refractive Error in Children in Spain: CISViT Project.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Highland environment and genetic background are associated with myopia risk in Tibetans and Hans.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Prevalence and distribution of low and high myopia in Mexican outpatients: a nationwide cross-sectional clinic-based study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Three-year surveillance of myopia trends and urban-rural disparities among schoolchildren in a Coastal City of Southern China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Effects of different powers of repeated low-level red light on form-deprivation myopia inhibition in guinea pigs.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Five years comparation of efficacy and safety after ICL-V4c implantation for high and super high myopia correction.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Radiometric and safety assessment of a 'low-level red-light' myopia control device.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Interaction effect of age and axial length-to-corneal radius ratio on myopia in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in China.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- The current status of primary and secondary school students with myopia in the Shekou district of Shenzhen: a retrospective study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Correlation between refractive errors and ocular biometric parameters at Al-Mustaqbal University, Iraq.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- A concept reflecting relative visual acuity insufficiency among low and moderate myopia students in east of China: Yicheng Myopia Study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Comparative study on the quality of life and clinical efficacy of orthokeratology lens, defocus spectacle lens and single vision spectacles in myopic children and adolescents in China.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Association Between Excessive Internet Use Time, Internet Addiction, and Physical-Mental Multimorbidity Among Chinese Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Investigating the Trajectories of Poor Vision in Children and Adolescents in Wuhan, China From 2016 to 2019: Prospective Cohort Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrevention of myopia has become a public health priority in China. This study is to investigate the prevalence of myopia and vision impairment, and their associated factors in school students in eastern China.
methodIn this cross-sectional school-based study of 4801 students from 16 schools ranging from kindergarten to high school, students underwent refraction using non-cycloplegic autorefractor and visual acuity testing using logMAR chart with tumbling E. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SPHE) ≤ - 0.5 diopter (D) and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) 20/25 or worse. High myopia was defined as SPHE ≤ - 6.0 D and UCVA 20/25 or worse. Vision impairment was defined as UCVA 20/40 or worse. Logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with myopia and vision impairment.
resultsAmong 4801 children (55% male) with mean age (standard deviation) 12.3 (3.8) years, 3030 (63.1, 95% CI: 61.7-64.5%) had myopia, 452 (9.4, 95% CI: 8.6-10.3%) had high myopia, and 2644 (55.1, 95% CI, 53.7-56.5%) had vision impairment. The prevalence rate of myopia increased with grade in a non-linear manner, 12% in kindergarten, 32% in grade 2, 69% in grade 5, and approximately 90% by grade 10 or above. The prevalence rate of high myopia was relatively low in grade 4 or below (< 1.5%), 4-7% in grade 5 to 7, 13-15% in grade 8-9, and > 20% in grade 10 to 12. The prevalence rate of vision impairment was 4% in kindergarten, 37% in elementary school, 77% in middle school and 87% in high school students. Higher grade (p < 0.0001), female (p < 0.0001) and higher school workload (p = 0.007) were independently associated with higher prevalence rates of myopia and vision impairment, while higher grade (p < 0.0001) and higher school workload (p < 0.0001) were independently associated with higher prevalence of high myopia.
conclusionPrevalence of myopia and vision impairment was high among Chinese school students and increased with grade in a non-linear manner, reaching alarming high in high school students accompanied by high prevalence of high myopia. Increasing study burden on school students at younger age plays an important role on the higher prevalence rate of myopia and vision impairment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.