ArticleBehavior research methods2020
MixWILD: A program for examining the effects of variance and slope of time-varying variables in intensive longitudinal data.
Article in Behavior research methods, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Intensive Longitudinal Data Collection Methods in Health Research: Tutorial for Selecting Measures and Designing a Sampling Protocol.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Article
- Toward an idiographic understanding of the role of sleep-mood dynamics in adolescents' internalizing symptoms.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- The ups and downs of psychological states: The role of subject-level variability in affect and motivation as predictors of sedentary behavior in older adults.Applied psychology. Health and well-being · 2026Article
- Variability of the Behavioral Assessment Screening Tool for Mobile Health Using Ecological Momentary Assessment in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury.Archives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation · 2026Article
- Modeling intraindividual means and variances from ecological momentary assessment data: comparing standard computational formulas to mixed-effects location-scale model estimates.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- How am I doing? It varies: mixed-effects location scale modeling to examine intra-individual variability in health-related research.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Stress Characteristics and Their Associations With Pain Intensity: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Article
- Nurturing creativity in comfort; Gently pushing the boundaries within a zone of safety.PloS one · 2026Article
- Impact of intraindividual pain variability on functional pain outcomes among adults with chronic pain: an ecological momentary assessment study.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- Ecological momentary assessments of cognitive performance are more variable in breast cancer survivors.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Longitudinal User Engagement with Microinteraction Ecological Momentary Assessment (μEMA).Proceedings of the ACM on interactive, mobile, wearable and ubiquitous technologies · 2025Article
- Negative binomial mixed effects location-scale models for intensive longitudinal count-type physical activity data provided by wearable devices.Biometrics · 2025Article
- SPANature communications · 2025Article
- Daily Movement Activities Are Associated With Within-Person Instability of Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Evidence From an Ambulatory Assessment Study.Innovation in aging · 2025Article
- Mixed-Effects Location Scale Models for Joint Modeling School Value-Added Effects on the Mean and Variance of Student Achievement.Journal of educational and behavioral statistics : a quarterly publication sponsored by the American Educational Research Association and the American Statistical Association · 2024Article
- Pleasure and Satisfaction as Predictors of Future Cigarette and E-cigarette Use: A Novel Two-Stage Modeling Approach.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Observational
- Understanding the biopsychosocial knee osteoarthritis pain experience: an ecological momentary assessment.Pain reports · 2024Article
- Activity-related pain and sensitization predict within- and between-person pain experience in people with knee osteoarthritis: An ecological momentary assessment study.Osteoarthritis and cartilage open · 2024Article
- Investigating the day-level associations between affective variability and physical activity using ecological momentary assessment.Psychology of sport and exercise · 2024Article
- Studying Movement-Related Behavioral Maintenance and Adoption in Real Time: Protocol for an Intensive Ecological Momentary Assessment Study Among Older Adults.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The use of intensive sampling methods, such as ecological momentary assessment (EMA), is increasingly prominent in medical research. However, inferences from such data are often limited to the subject-specific mean of the outcome and between-subject variance (i.e., random intercept), despite the capability to examine within-subject variance (i.e., random scale) and associations between covariates and subject-specific mean (i.e., random slope). MixWILD (Mixed model analysis With Intensive Longitudinal Data) is statistical software that tests the effects of subject-level parameters (variance and slope) of time-varying variables, specifically in the context of studies using intensive sampling methods, such as ecological momentary assessment. MixWILD combines estimation of a stage 1 mixed-effects location-scale (MELS) model, including estimation of the subject-specific random effects, with a subsequent stage 2 linear or binary/ordinal logistic regression in which values sampled from each subject's random effect distributions can be used as regressors (and then the results are aggregated across replications). Computations within MixWILD were written in FORTRAN and use maximum likelihood estimation, utilizing both the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and a Newton-Raphson solution. The mean and variance of each individual's random effects used in the sampling are estimated using empirical Bayes equations. This manuscript details the underlying procedures and provides examples illustrating standalone usage and features of MixWILD and its GUI. MixWILD is generalizable to a variety of data collection strategies (i.e., EMA, sensors) as a robust and reproducible method to test predictors of variability in level 1 outcomes and the associations between subject-level parameters (variances and slopes) and level 2 outcomes.
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Registered trials
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