ArticleBrain imaging and behavior2021
Sex-specific effects of cigarette smoking on caudate and amygdala volume and resting-state functional connectivity.
Article in Brain imaging and behavior, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- The structural and functional brain alternations in tobacco use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- The Influence of Cannabis and Nicotine Co-use on Neuromaturation: A Systematic Review of Adolescent and Young Adult Studies.Biological psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Altered inter-hemispheric and intra-hemispheric functional connectivity dynamics in male cigarette smokers.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Metabolic Alterations in Human Post-Mortem Frontal Cortex and Cerebrospinal Fluid Associated With High Levels of Nicotine Metabolite Cotinine.Addiction biology · 2025Article
- Sex differences in dorsal striatal volume and interest in quitting smoking.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- The Limbic System in Co-Occurring Substance Use and Anxiety Disorders: A Narrative Review Using the RDoC Framework.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Subjective well-being can be predicted by caudate volume and promotion focus.Brain structure & function · 2024Article
- Neurological Disorders Induced by Drug Use: Effects of Adolescent and Embryonic Drug Exposure on Behavioral Neurodevelopment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The effects of nicotine use during adolescence and young adulthood on gray matter cerebral blood flow estimates.Brain imaging and behavior · 2024Article
- Blunted midbrain reward activation during smoking withdrawal: a preliminary study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Increased spontaneous activity of the superior frontal gyrus with reduced functional connectivity to visual attention areas and cerebellum in male smokers.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Article
- The Moderating Role of Sex in the Relation between Cue-Induced Craving and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in the Salience Network of Non-Clinically Diagnosed Drinkers.European addiction research · 2023Article
- Neuroanatomical Correlates of the Late Positive Potential in Youth with Pediatric Bipolar Disorder.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Article
- Weight Status Modulated Brain Regional Homogeneity in Long-Term Male Smokers.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Sex-Dependent Alterations of Regional Homogeneity in Cigarette Smokers.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Electronic Cigarette Vaping Did Not Enhance the Neural Process of Working Memory for Regular Cigarette Smokers.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Article
- Do Parents Still Matter? The Impact of Parents and Peers on Adolescent Electronic Cigarette Use.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2021Article
- Sex Differences in Substance Use Disorders: A Neurobiological Perspective.Frontiers in global women's health · 2021Review
- Interaction Between Smoking and Internet Gaming Disorder on Spontaneous Brain Activity.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated sex-specific differences in etiology, course and brain dysfunction that are associated with cigarette smoking. However, little is known about sex-specific differences in subcortical structure and function. In this study, structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected from 60 cigarette smokers (25 females) and 67 nonsmokers (28 females). The structural MRI was applied to identify deficits in sex-specific subcortical volume. Using resting-state fMRI, sex-related alterations in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) were investigated in subcortical nuclei with volume deficits as seed regions. Compared to nonsmokers, male but not female smokers demonstrated a significantly smaller volume in the left caudate, while female but not male smokers showed a smaller volume in the right amygdala. Resting-state FC analysis revealed that male but not female smokers had increased rsFC between the left caudate and the left prefrontal cortex but decreased rsFC within the bilateral caudate and between the right amygdala and right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Furthermore, the right amygdala volume was negatively correlated with the impulsivity score in female but not male smokers. The rsFC of the right amygdala-OFC circuit was negatively associated with the craving score in male but not female smokers. These findings indicate that cigarette smoking may have differential effects on the caudate and amygdala volumes as well as rsFC between men and women, contributing to our knowledge of sex-specific effects of nicotine addiction. Such sex-specific differences in subcortical structure and function may provide a methodological framework for the development of sex-specific relapse prevention therapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.