ArticleThe international journal of cardiovascular imaging2020
4D flow vs. 2D cardiac MRI for the evaluation of pulmonary regurgitation and ventricular volume in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a retrospective case control study.
Article in The international journal of cardiovascular imaging, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance in tetralogy of Fallot: a systematic review.Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · 2021Pooled it
- Flow Hemodynamics in Children with Tetralogy of Fallot: A Comparison Study of Cardiac Catheterization and Phase-Contrast MRI.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- Comparison of free-running whole-heart five-dimensional and four-dimensional flow imaging to standard two-dimensional flow in patients with congenital heart disease.Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · 2026Article
- 4D Flow Yields Similar Clinical Results Compared To 2D Phase Contrast for Decision Making Regarding Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- Non-enhanced MRI flow evaluation using 4D versus 2D phase-contrast in repaired Tetralogy of Fallot adults.European radiology · 2025Article
- Four-Dimensional Flow in Fontan Patients: Advanced Haemodynamic Assessment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Highly accelerated 4D flow MRI with respiratory compensation and cardiac view sharing: a cross-sectional study of flow in the great vessels of pediatric congenital heart disease.Pediatric radiology · 2025Article
- A Non-Invasive Approach to Pulmonary Hypertension.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Right Ventricular Restrictive Physiology Is Associated With Right Ventricular Direct Flow From 4D Flow CMR.JACC. Asia · 2024Article
- Flow pattern analysis of right ventricular outflow tract in repaired tetralogy of Fallot through 4D flow MRI.Heart and vessels · 2024Article
- Heart failure in children and adolescents: an update on diagnostic approaches and management.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2024Article
- Technical Recommendations for Computed Tomography Guidance of Intervention in the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Native RVOT, Conduits, and Bioprosthetic Valves.World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery · 2023Article
- Discordance between 2D and 4D flow in the assessment of pulmonary regurgitation severity: a right ventricular remodeling follow-up study.European radiology · 2023Article
- Compact pediatric cardiac magnetic resonance imaging protocols.Pediatric radiology · 2023Review
- Rationale and clinical applications of 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance in assessment of valvular heart disease: a comprehensive review.Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · 2022Review
- Segmentation of the Aorta and Pulmonary Arteries Based on 4D Flow MRI in the Pediatric Setting Using Fully Automated Multi-Site, Multi-Vendor, and Multi-Label Dense U-Net.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2022Article
- Four-dimensional flow CMR in tetralogy of fallot: current perspectives.The British journal of radiology · 2022Review
- Right and left ventricular function and flow quantification in pediatric patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot using four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging.BMC medical imaging · 2021Article
- 4D flow MRI applications in congenital heart disease.European radiology · 2021Review
- Assessment of flow pattern of right ventricle outflow and pulmonary arteries in surgically corrected tetralogy of Fallot patients by four-dimensional cardiac magnetic resonance flow.The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Lengthy exams and breath-holding limit the use of pediatric cardiac MRI (CMR). 3D time-resolved flow MRI (4DF) is a free-breathing, single-sequence exam that obtains magnitude (anatomic) and phase contrast (PC) data. We compare the accuracy of gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced 4DF on a 1.5 T magnet to 2D CMR in children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) to measure pulmonary net flow (PNF) as a reflection of pulmonary regurgitation, forward flow (FF) and ventricular volumetry. Thirty-four consecutive cases were included. 2D PCs were obtained at the valve level. Using 4DF, we measured PNF at the valve and at the main and branch pulmonary arteries. PNF measured at the valve by 4DF demonstrated the strongest correlation (r = 0.87, p < 0.001) and lowest mean difference (3.5 ± 9.4 mL/beat) to aortic net flow (ANF). Semilunar FF and stroke volume of the respective ventricle demonstrated moderate-strong correlation by 4DF (r = 0.66-0.81, p < 0.001) and strong correlation by 2D (r = 0.81-0.84, p < 0.001) with similar correlations and mean differences between techniques (p > 0.05). Ventricular volumes correlated strongly between 2D and 4DF (r = 0.75-0.96, p < 0.001), though 4DF overestimated right ventricle volumes by 11.8-19.2 mL/beat. Inter-rater reliability was excellent for 2D and 4DF volumetry (ICC = 0.91-0.99). Ejection fraction moderately correlated (r = 0.60-0.75, p < 0.001) with better reliability by 4DF (ICC: 0.80-0.85) than 2D (ICC: 0.69-0.89). 4DF exams were shorter than 2D (9 vs. 71 min, p < 0.001). 4DF provides highly reproducible and accurate measurements of flow with slight overestimation of RV volumes compared to 2D in pediatric rTOF. 4DF offers important advantages in this population with long-term monitoring needs.
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