ArticleScientific reports2019
Distinct climate influences on the risk of typhoid compared to invasive non-typhoid Salmonella disease in Blantyre, Malawi.
Article in Scientific reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Temperature and risk of infectious diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Pooled it
- Does plastic waste present an infection hazard? Current evidence, surveillance challenges and research priorities.One health outlook · 2026Review
- Preliminary genomic characterisation and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidalFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Too Hot, Too Wet: Bayesian Spatial Modeling of Climate-Driven Salmonella Risk in New South Wales, Australia, 1991-2022.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Association between climatic conditions and infectious diseases: implications for Central Ethiopia region.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Spatiotemporal distribution and influencing factors of enteric fever in China: a cluster analysis based on data from 2001 to 2020.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Assessing the environmental and climatic influences on the incidence of severe typhoid in Kampala, Uganda.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Short-term associations of diarrhoeal diseases in children with temperature and precipitation in seven low- and middle-income countries from Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Modelling Salmonella Typhi in high-density urban Blantyre neighbourhood, Malawi, using point pattern methods.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Climate change affects the spread of typhoid pathogens.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Article
- Typhoid fever.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- What is the Source of Infections Causing Invasive NontyphoidalOpen forum infectious diseases · 2023Review
- Mitigating the effects of climate change on human health with vaccines and vaccinations.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
- Seroprevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella disease and associated factors in children in Mukuru settlement in Nairobi County, Kenya.PloS one · 2023Article
- Rainfall anomalies and typhoid fever in Blantyre, Malawi.Epidemiology and infection · 2022Article
- Impact of Temperature and Rainfall on Typhoid/Paratyphoid Fever in Taizhou, China: Effect Estimation and Vulnerable Group Identification.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Article
- Association between Ambient Temperature and Severe Diarrhoea in the National Capital Region, Philippines.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Invasive Salmonella diseases, both typhoid and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS), are seasonal bloodstream infections causing important morbidity and mortality globally in Africa. The reservoirs and transmission of both are not fully understood. We hypothesised that differences in the time-lagged relationships of rainfall or temperature with typhoid and iNTS incidence might infer differences in epidemiology. We assessed the dynamics of invasive Salmonella incidence over a 16-year period of surveillance, quantifying incidence peaks, seasonal variations, and nonlinear effects of rainfall and temperature exposures on the relative risks of typhoid and iNTS, using monthly lags. An increased relative risk of iNTS incidence was short-lasting but immediate after the onset of the rains, whereas that of typhoid was long-lasting but with a two months delayed start, implying a possible difference in transmission. The relative-risk function of temperature for typhoid was bimodal, with higher risk at both lower (with a 1 month lag) and higher (with a ≥4 months lag) temperatures, possibly reflecting the known patterns of short and long cycle typhoid transmission. In contrast, the relative-risk of iNTS was only increased at lower temperatures, suggesting distinct transmission mechanisms. Environmental and sanitation control strategies may be different for iNTS compared to typhoid disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.