ArticleBMC cancer2019
Incidence of invasive breast cancer in women treated with testosterone implants: a prospective 10-year cohort study.
Article in BMC cancer, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Testosterone Implants and the Incidence of Breast Cancer RETROSPECTIVE CHART REVIEW
Copenhagen Menopause Study (COMPASS): A Randomized Clinical Trial
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health - 2024.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2024Guideline
- The benefits of testosterone therapy for menopausal symptoms.European journal of obstetrics & gynecology and reproductive biology: X · 2026Article
- Review
- Adulteration of Sports Supplements with Anabolic Steroids-From Innocent Athlete to Vicious Cheater.Nutrients · 2025Review
- A healthy lifestyle pattern and mortality risk in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study in China.Journal of biomedical research · 2025Article
- Compounded hormonal pellets: a critical review of current evidence and risks.Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) · 2025Article
- Safety and efficacy of topical testosterone in breast cancer patients receiving ovarian suppression and aromatase inhibitor therapy.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Effect of testosterone therapy on breast tissue composition and mammographic breast density in trans masculine individuals.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health - 2024.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2024Article
- Breast and cervical cancer in transgender men: literature review and a case report.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2024Article
- Cardiovascular Safety and Benefits of Testosterone Implant Therapy in Postmenopausal Women: Where Are We?Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Sex hormones in the risk of breast cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.American journal of cancer research · 2023Article
- Modulating the Activity of Androgen Receptor for Treating Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- A Personal Prospective on Testosterone Therapy in Women-What We Know in 2022.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- The Other Side of the Coin: May Androgens Have a Role in Breast Cancer Risk?International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Society Position Statements on Bio-Identical Hormones-Misinformation Leads to a Dilemma in Women's Health.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Breast Cancer Incidence Reduction in Women Treated with Subcutaneous Testosterone: Testosterone Therapy and Breast Cancer Incidence Study.European journal of breast health · 2021Article
- Low complication rates of testosterone and estradiol implants for androgen and estrogen replacement therapy in over 1 million procedures.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Article
- Androgens, Endometriosis and Pain.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2021Review
- Cancer care for transgender and gender-diverse people: Practical, literature-driven recommendations from the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer.CA: a cancer journal for cliniciansReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTestosterone implants have been used for over eighty years to treat symptoms of hormone deficiency in pre and postmenopausal women. Evidence supports that androgens are breast protective. However, there is a lack of data on the long-term effect of testosterone therapy on the incidence of invasive breast cancer (IBC). This study was specifically designed to investigate the incidence of IBC in pre and postmenopausal women (presenting with symptoms of androgen deficiency) treated with subcutaneous testosterone implants or testosterone implants combined with anastrozole.
methodsThe 10-year prospective cohort study was approved in March 2008 at which time recruitment was initiated. Recruitment was closed March 2013. Pre and postmenopausal women receiving at least two pellet insertions were eligible for analysis (N = 1267). Breast cancer incidence rates were reported as an unadjusted, un-weighted value of newly diagnosed cases divided by the sum of 'person-time of observation' for the at-risk population. Incidence rates on testosterone therapy were compared to age-specific Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) incidence rates and historical controls. Bootstrap sampling distributions were constructed to verify comparisons and tests of significance that existed between our results and SEER data.
resultsAs of March 2018, a total of 11 (versus 18 expected) cases of IBC were diagnosed in patients within 240-days following their last testosterone insertion equating to an incidence rate of 165/100000 p-y, which is significantly less than the age-matched SEER expected incidence rate of 271/100000 p-y (p < 0.001) and historical controls.
conclusionLong term therapy with subcutaneous testosterone, or testosterone combined with anastrozole, did not increase the incidence of IBC. Testosterone should be further investigated for hormone therapy and breast cancer prevention.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.