ArticleJournal of immunology research2019
Analysis of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Milk: Detection of Membrane-Bound and Soluble Forms.
Article in Journal of immunology research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Host insulin resistance caused byFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Pooled it
- Impact of holder pasteurization on protein and eNAMPT/Visfatin content in human breast milk.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Gestational age at birth influences protein and RNA content in human milk extracellular vesicles.Journal of extracellular biology · 2024Article
- The Immunological Role of Milk Fat Globule Membrane.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Comparative Structural and Compositional Analyses of Cow, Buffalo, Goat and Sheep Cream.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The bioactive and anti-inflammatory role of human milk components has been recognized; active milk components include soluble forms of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Preterm babies are more susceptible to infections and may succumb to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a gastrointestinal disease which is exacerbated by an excessive inflammatory response after TLR activation. Here, we investigated the presence of Toll-like receptors TLR1/2/4/6 in colostrum and mature milk of women who delivered before (preterm) or after (term) 37 weeks of gestational age, integrating classical immune-related techniques with proteomic LC-MS/MS analysis. We have detected immunoreactivity for TLRs mostly in preterm samples, even for TLR1 and TLR6, until now not described in human milk. We demonstrated the presence of only TLR2 in the milk fat globule membrane, while the immunoreactivity of TLR1/4/6 was ascribed to crossreaction with some interesting milk proteins sharing leucine-rich repeat domains. These results will provide new insights into the definition of the role of TLRs in intestinal immune regulation of the newborns.
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Registered trials
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