ArticleToxicology and applied pharmacology2020
The effects of a phthalate metabolite mixture on antral follicle growth and sex steroid synthesis in mice.
Article in Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Can Mammalian Reproductive Health Withstand Massive Exposure to Polystyrene Micro- and Nanoplastic Derivatives? A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of Phthalate Metabolite Mixture Exposure on Mouse Oocyte Development.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- High-concentration MEHP triggers mtDNA depletion in undifferentiated HepaRG and C2C12 cultures and disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis in both HepaRG culture states.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- An environmentally relevant phthalate mixture impairs ovulatory prostaglandin and progesterone receptor pathways in human granulosa cells in vitro.Environment international · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of Phthalate-Induced Accelerated Ovarian Aging in Experimental Models.Current environmental health reports · 2026Review
- The inhibition of prostaglandin production during ovulation by exposure to a phthalate mixture is circumvented by cAMP analogue supplementation in a human granulosa cell model.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Effects of phthalate exposure on human ovarian extracellular matrix composition: insights from a 3D spheroid model.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Epidemiologically relevant phthalate mixture and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate exposure alter cell energy metabolism in primary mouse granulosa cells.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Urinary phthalates, serum omega-3 fatty acids and ovarian reserve among women seeking fertility treatment.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2025Article
- N-actylcysteine inhibits diethyl phthalate-induced inflammation via JNK and STAT pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages.BMC molecular and cell biology · 2025Article
- Single-cell RNA-seq reveals that granulosa cells are a target of phthalate toxicity in the ovary.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025Article
- IMPACT OF REAL-LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ON REPRODUCTION: Phthalates disrupt female reproductive health: a call for enhanced investigation into mixtures.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2025Review
- A common phthalate replacement disrupts ovarian function in young adult mice.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Quantitative label-free proteomic analysis of mouse ovarian antral follicles following oral exposure to a human-relevant mixture of three phthalates.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2024Article
- Association between phthalate exposure and sleep quality in pregnant women: Results from the Korean Children's Environmental Health Study with repeated assessment of exposure.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2024Article
- A common phthalate replacement disrupts ovarian function in young adult mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Associations between Phthalate Metabolite Concentrations in Follicular Fluid and Reproductive Outcomes among Women UndergoingEnvironmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Dietary exposure to an environmentally relevant phthalate mixture alters follicle dynamics, hormone levels, ovarian gene expression, and pituitary gene expression in female mice.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2023Article
- Exposure to a phthalate mixture disrupts ovulatory progesterone receptor signaling in human granulosa cells in vitro†.Biology of reproduction · 2023Article
- Chronic exposure to a mixture of phthalates shifts the white and brown adipose tissue phenotypes in female mice.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Phthalates are used as solvents and plasticizers in a wide variety of consumer products. Most people are exposed to phthalates as parent compounds through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. However, these parent compounds are quickly metabolized to more active compounds in several tissues. Although studies indicate that phthalate metabolites reach the ovary, little is known about whether they are ovarian toxicants. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that phthalate metabolites influence the expression of genes involved in sex steroid synthesis, cell cycle regulation, cell death, oxidative stress, and key receptors, as well as production of sex steroid hormones by mouse antral follicles. The selected metabolite mixture consisted of 36.7% monoethyl phthalate (MEP), 19.4% mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), 15.3% monobutyl phthalate (MBP), 10.2% monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), 10.2% monoisononyl phthalate (MiNP), and 8.2% monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP). Antral follicles from adult CD-1 mice were cultured for 96 h with vehicle control (DMSO) or metabolite mixture (0.065-325 μg/mL). Growth of follicles in culture was monitored every 24 h. Total RNA was isolated after 24 and 96 h and used for gene expression analysis. Media were collected and subjected to hormone analysis. Exposure to the phthalate mixture inhibited follicle growth, decreased expression of steroidogenic enzymes, and altered the levels of sex steroids relative to control. The mixture, primarily at the two highest doses, also altered expression of cell cycle regulators, apoptotic factors, oxidative stress genes, and some receptors. Collectively, these data suggest that mixtures of phthalate metabolites can directly impact follicle health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.