ArticleBMC psychiatry2019
Education level and risk of postpartum depression: results from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS).
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Risk factors for postpartum depression after cesarean section: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PeerJ · 2026Pooled it
- Nutritional factors and cross-national postpartum depression prevalence: an updated meta-analysis and meta-regression of 412 studies from 46 countries.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Risk factors for depression and anxiety in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Mental health inequalities in Türkiye: educational differences in depression risk.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Identifying Risk Factors of Postpartum Depressive Symptoms: The Effect of Self-Efficacy and Social Support Among Mothers.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Validation of chichewa version of the city birth trauma scale at postnatal clinics in Lilongwe, Malawi.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Mendelian randomization study on the effects of women's reproductive traits and socioeconomic traits on pregnancy complications.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Prospective cohort study of postpartum depressive symptoms and associated risk factors among women with and without preeclampsia in Sidama Region, Ethiopia.Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology · 2026Article
- Kangaroo mother care and maternal bonding 1 year after childbirth: a nationwide birth cohort-the Japan environment and children's cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Association Between Postpartum Depression Symptoms of Primiparas and Uterine Recovery, Sleep Quality and Postpartum Stress.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Article
- Determinants of the Development of Depression in Women During the Postpartum Period.Florence Nightingale journal of nursing · 2026Article
- Development and external validation of an explainable XGBoost model with a web-based calculator for risk prediction of postpartum depressive symptoms.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The relationship between reduced child spacing and depression in mothers: A cross-sectional study in Karachi, Pakistan.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Incidence, Associated Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Postoperative Anxiety in Elderly: A Retrospective Observational Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Interplay of traumatic birth experiences and postnatal depression in Pakistani women.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Predicting 3-year depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults in rural China using random forest: insights from the China health and retirement longitudinal study.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Maternal Psychological Distress Before and After Childbirth and Neurodevelopmental Delay in Toddlers.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Article
- Building a Machine Learning Model to Predict Postpartum Depression from Electronic Health Records in a Tertiary Care Setting.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- A scoping study of postpartum mental health problems and associated factors: opportunities for research and practice.Discover mental health · 2025Review
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundLower socioeconomic status is often thought to be associated with an elevated risk of postpartum depression; however, this relationship exhibits noticeable heterogeneity between studies. The present study examined this relationship in Japan.
methodsData were obtained from 90,194 mothers in an ongoing birth cohort of the Japan Environment and Children's Study. Socioeconomic status was assessed based on the mothers' highest education level during pregnancy. Postpartum depression was identified at 1 and 6 months postpartum based on an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of ≥9, and analyses were also performed based on the sub-scores for anxiety, depression, and anhedonia symptoms. Logistic and generalized linear regression model analyses were used to calculate odds ratios for postpartum depression according to education level with the highest education group (≥16 years of education) defined as the reference group, while controlling for covariates in a stepwise fashion.
resultsUnivariate analysis revealed that a lower education level was associated with a higher prevalence of postpartum depression and related symptoms. Although these relationships weakened in the fully adjusted models, odds ratios for cases and related symptoms remained significant at 1 and 6 months postpartum. Among three symptom dimensions, the relationship was strongest and weakest in the depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively.
conclusionsA lower education level was an independent risk factor for postpartum depression. In view of the low mobility of the education level, this finding suggests the potential importance of collecting information regarding education levels at the earliest opportunity.
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