ArticlePloS one2019
High prevalence of abnormal menstruation among women living with HIV in Canada.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Rates of adverse events of antiretroviral therapy in women living with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence and associated risk factors of uterine fibroids in the Kingdom of Eswatini.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2026Article
- The Impact of Long COVID on the Female Reproductive System: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Menopause: an opportunity to optimize health and well being for people with HIV.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- Menstrual health and menstrual equity for women living with HIV: a minireview.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Review
- The burden of menstrual irregularities among women living with HIV in Nigeria: a comprehensive review.Reproductive health · 2024Review
- Associations of Early Prolonged Secondary Amenorrhea in Women With and Without HIV.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Follicle-stimulating hormone in postmenopausal women living with HIV: a prevalence study.HIV medicine · 2022Article
- Sex differences and adverse events of antiretrovirals in people living with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Menstrual cycle characteristics and incident cancer: a prospective cohort study.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Article
- Early menopause in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo measure the prevalence and correlates of abnormal menstruation among women living with HIV (WLWH) in Canada.
methodsWe used cross-sectional questionnaire data from the community-based Canadian HIV Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study (CHIWOS), which enrolled WLWH aged ≥16 from British Columbia (BC), Ontario, and Quebec. For this analysis, we excluded women >45 years, who had primary amenorrhea, were pregnant, on hormonal contraception, or who reported history of endometrial cancer, last menstrual period >12 months ago, or premature ovarian failure. The primary outcome was abnormal menstruation (Yes vs No) based on responses to five questions about menstrual regularity, frequency, volume, duration, and intermenstrual bleeding in the six months prior to interview. An exploratory multivariable logistic regression analysis examined independent correlates of abnormal menstruation.
resultsOf 1422 women enrolled, 521 (37%) met eligibility criteria. Overall, 55.9% (95% CI:52%-60%) reported abnormal menstruation. In adjusted analyses, abnormal menstruation was associated with having a biologic sister/mother who entered menopause before age 40 (AOR 5.01, 95%CI 1.39-18.03), Hepatitis B co-infection (AOR 6.97, 95%CI 1.52-31.88), current smoking (AOR 1.69, 95%CI 1.55-3.41); and currently taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) (AOR 2.36, 95%CI 1.25-4.45) compared to being ART-naïve. Women in BC had higher adjusted odds of abnormal menstruation (AOR 2.95, 95%CI 1.61-5.39), relative to women in Ontario and Quebec.
conclusionsOver half of WLWH in this analysis had abnormal menstruation. Correlates of abnormal menstruation include genetic, socio-behavioural factors (province of residence, smoking), Hepatitis B co-infection, and current ART use.
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