ArticlePloS one2019
KRAS and NRAS mutational gene profile of metastatic colorectal cancer patients in Jordan.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Occurrence of Biomarker Mutation in Colorectal Cancer among the Asian Population.BioMed research international · 2022Pooled it
- Genomic landscape of pathogenic mutations in Pakistani population with late-stage colorectal cancer.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of exosomes in colorectal cancer.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Review
- Review
- Molecular profiling of colorectal cancer in a genetically admixed Hispanic population.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA constitutively active RAS protein in the absence of stimulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the result of mutations in KRAS and NRAS genes. Mutations in the KRAS exon 2 and outside exon 2 have been found to predict the resistance to anti-EGFR monoclonal therapy. A substantial proportion of metastatic colorectal cancer cases (mCRC) exhibit RAS mutations outside KRAS exon 2, particularly in KRAS exon 3 and 4 and NRAS exons 2 and 3. No data about RAS mutations outside KRAS exon 2 are available for Jordanian patients with mCRC. We aim to study the molecular spectrum, frequency, and distribution pattern of KRAS and NRAS mutations in Jordanian patients with mCRC.
methodsA cohort of 190 Jordanian metastatic colorectal cancer patients were enrolled in the trial. We detected mutations in exon 2 of the KRAS and NRAS gene as well as mutations outside of exon 2 using the StripAssay technique. The KRAS StripAssay covered 29 mutations and 22 NRAS mutations.
resultsMutations were observed in 92 (48.42%) cases, and KRAS exon 2 mutations accounted for 76 cases (83.69%). KRAS G12D was the most common mutation, occurring in 18 cases, followed by KRAS G12A in 16 cases, and G12T in 13 cases. Mutations outside of KRAS exon 2 represented 16.3% of the mutated cases. Among those, 6 cases (6.48%) carried mutations in NRAS exon 2 and 3, and 10 cases (10.87%) in KRAS exon 3 and 4.
conclusionThe frequency of NRAS and KRAS mutations outside of exon 2 appears to be higher in Jordanian patients in comparison with patients from western countries. KRAS mutations outside of exon 2 should be tested routinely to identify patients who should not be treated with anti-EGFR antibodies.
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