ArticleNutrients2019
Association between Urinary Cadmium to Zinc Intake Ratio with Adult Mortality in a Follow-Up Study of NHANES 1988-1994 and 1999-2004.
Article in Nutrients, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Annona crassiflora seed extract modulates histological and molecular markers associated with prostate cancer progression in TRAMP mice.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Article
- The association between whole-blood lead concentration and all-cause or cardiovascular disease mortality in hypertensive patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Zinc as a Mechanism-Based Strategy for Mitigation of Metals Toxicity.Current environmental health reports · 2025Review
- Protective role of dietary zinc on DNA damage, oxidative stress, and metal toxicity.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Review
- Association of Serum 25(OH)D, Cadmium, CRP With All-Cause, Cause-Specific Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Increased serum levels of cadmium are associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease in adults.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal associated with increased mortality, but the effect of zinc (Zn) intake on the association between Cd and mortality is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the association of urinary Cd to Zn intake ratio (Cd/Zn ratio) and mortality risk. In total, 15642 US adults in NHANES 1988-1994 and 1999-2004 were followed until 2011 (15-year mean follow-up). Of the 5367 total deaths, 1194 were attributed to cancer and 1677 were attributed to CVD. After adjustment for potential confounders, positive associations were observed between urinary Cd and all-cause mortality (HR for highest vs. lowest quartile: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.14-1.68) and cancer mortality (HR: 1.54; CI: 1.05-2.27). Urinary Cd was positively associated with cancer mortality among the lowest Zn consumers, and the association diminished among the highest Zn consumers. Positive relationships were observed between the Cd/Zn ratio and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.54; CI: 1.23-1.93), cancer mortality (HR: 1.65; CI: 1.11-2.47) and CVD mortality (HR: 1.49; CI: 1.18-1.88). In conclusion, these findings indicate that Zn intake may modify the association between Cd and mortality. Furthermore, the Cd/Zn ratio, which was positively associated with mortality from all causes, cancer, and CVD, may be an important predictor of mortality.
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Registered trials
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