ReviewCancers2019
Structure and Optimization of Checkpoint Inhibitors.
Review in Cancers, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Checkpoint Molecules: A Review on Pathways and Immunotherapy Implications.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Review
- Article
- Immune interactions in pembrolizumab (PD-1 inhibitor) cancer therapy and cardiovascular complications.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2023Review
- Forsythiaside A prevents zymosan A-induced cell migration in neutrophil-differentiated HL-60 cells via PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Mechanisms of action of monoclonal antibodies in oncology integrated in IMGT/mAb-DB.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Advancements in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Potential Preclinical Drugs and their Future.Current pharmaceutical design · 2023Review
- The Role of Pathology-Based Methods in Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Cancer Immunotherapy.Cancers · 2022Review
- A Systematic Review of the Mechanisms Involved in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Cardiotoxicity and Challenges to Improve Clinical Safety.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Article
- Article
- Immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: rationale, recent advances and future perspectives.Precision clinical medicine · 2021Review
- PD-L1 immunostaining: what pathologists need to know.Diagnostic pathology · 2021Review
- Nanocages displaying SIRP gamma clusters combined with prophagocytic stimulus of phagocytes potentiate anti-tumor immunity.Cancer gene therapy · 2021Article
- Quantitative modeling predicts competitive advantages of a next generation anti-NKG2A monoclonal antibody over monalizumab for the treatment of cancer.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2021Article
- Inborn Errors of Immunity and Their Phenocopies: CTLA4 and PD-1.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- The Effectiveness and Safety of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Stage III/IV: A Multicenter Study.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Article
- The Molecular and Functional Characteristics of HLA-G and the Interaction with Its Receptors: Where to Intervene for Cancer Immunotherapy?International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- First line Immunotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- A narrative review of synergistic drug administration in unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: current landscape and future prospects in the era of immunotherapy.Translational lung cancer research · 2020Review
- A possible asymmetry at the checkpoint.Translational oncology · 2020Article
- Current status and future potential of predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastric cancer.ESMO open · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
With the advent of checkpoint inhibitor treatment for various cancer types, the optimization of drug selection, pharmacokinetics and biomarker assays is an urgent and as yet unresolved dilemma for clinicians, pharmaceutical companies and researchers. Drugs which inhibit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4), such as ipilimumab and tremelimumab, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), such as atezolizumab, durvalumab and avelumab, each appear to have varying pharmacokinetics and clinical activity in different cancer types. Each drug differs in terms of dosing, which becomes an issue when drug comparisons are attempted. Here, we examine the various checkpoint inhibitors currently used and in development. We discuss the antibodies and their protein targets, their pharmacokinetics as measured in various tumor types, and their binding affinities to their respective antigens. We also examine the various dosing regimens for these drugs and how they differ. Finally, we examine new developments and methods to optimize delivery and efficacy in the field of checkpoint inhibitors, including non-fucosylation, prodrug formations, bispecific antibodies, and newer small molecule and peptide checkpoint inhibitors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.