ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2019
Hydroclimatic drivers of highly seasonal leptospirosis incidence suggest prominent soil reservoir of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in rural western China.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of rain and flooding on leptospirosis incidence in sheep and cattle in New Zealand.New Zealand veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal patterns and climate influences on leptospirosis in Sri Lanka from 2009 to 2024.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Leptospirosis in Southeast Asia: Investigating Seroprevalence, Transmission Patterns, and Diagnostic Challenges.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- Policy Options for Prevention of Leptospirosis Epidemics: A Scoping Review.Iranian journal of public health · 2025Review
- The Effect of Climate Change on Emergence and Evolution of Zoonotic Diseases in Asia.Zoonoses and public health · 2025Review
- The Role of Hydrometeorological Factors in Leptospirosis Transmission in Central Java, Indonesia.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2025Article
- The association between rainfall and human leptospirosis in Aotearoa New Zealand.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Article
- Sea surface temperature modulates El Niño and La Niña driven leptospirosis patterns: Evidence from causal machine learning in Colombia.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Investigation of Leptospirosis Agents in Cattle and Humans.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2024Article
- Detection of Genes Related to Antibiotic Resistance inTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Identifying the Drivers Related to Animal Reservoirs, Environment, and Socio-Demography of Human Leptospirosis in Different Community Types of Southern Chile: An Application of Machine Learning Algorithm in One Health Perspective.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Analysing the outbreaks of leptospirosis after floods in Kerala, India.International journal of health geographics · 2024Article
- Leptospirosis and the Environment: A Review and Future Directions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Leptospirosis Hotspot Areas and Its Association With Hydroclimatic Factors in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for an Ecological Cross-sectional Study.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
- Molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis and evidence for cross-species transmission in Northern Argentina.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2022Article
- Effect of Sewerage on the Contamination of Soil with PathogenicEnvironmental science & technology · 2021Article
- Leptospirosis and Coinfection: Should We Be Concerned?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Anti-Leptospira immunoglobulin profiling in mice reveals strain specific IgG and persistent IgM responses associated with virulence and renal colonization.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Application of Lab-on-Chip for Detection of Microbial Nucleic Acid in Food and Environment.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Climate exerts complex influences on leptospirosis transmission, affecting human behavior, zoonotic host population dynamics, and survival of the pathogen in the environment. Here, we describe the spatiotemporal distribution of leptospirosis incidence reported to China's National Infectious Disease Surveillance System from 2004-2014 in an endemic region in western China, and employ distributed lag models at annual and sub-annual scales to analyze its association with hydroclimatic risk factors and explore evidence for the potential role of a soil reservoir in the transmission of Leptospira spp. More than 97% of the 2,934 reported leptospirosis cases occurred during the harvest season between August and October, and most commonly affected farmers (83%). Using a distributed lag Poisson regression framework, we characterized incidence rate ratios (IRRs) associated with interquartile range increases in precipitation of 3.45 (95% confidence interval 2.57-4.64) over 0-1-year lags, and 1.90 (1.18-3.06) over 0-15-week lags. Adjusting for soil moisture decreased IRRs for precipitation at both timescales (yearly adjusted IRR: 1.05, 0.74-1.49; weekly adjusted IRR: 1.36, 0.72-2.57), suggesting precipitation effects may be mediated through soil moisture. Increased soil moisture was positively associated with leptospirosis at both timescales, suggesting that the survival of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in moist soils may be a critical control on harvest-associated leptospirosis transmission in the study region. These results support the hypothesis that soils may serve as an environmental reservoir and may play a significant yet underrecognized role in leptospirosis transmission.
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