ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2020
Infant Formula Consumption Is Positively Correlated with Wealth, Within and Between Countries: A Multi-Country Study.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Why do mothers mix milk feed their infants? Results from a systematic review.Nutrition reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income Countries.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Exclusive Breastfeeding and Growth Trajectories Until 5 Years of Age Among Children Monitored in Primary Health Care in Brazil.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding and risk of maternal type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study of 280 000 women in China.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Exploring the Experiences of Families Impacted by the 2022 Commercial Milk Formula (CMF) Food Insecurity Crisis in the United States of America: A Scoping Review.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2026Article
- Article
- How stable isotopes can advance nutrition assessments to inform sustainable food systems.The British journal of nutrition · 2025Review
- Breastfeeding trajectory of mothers of preterm infants within 6 months postpartum: A longitudinal study.International journal of nursing studies advances · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Socioeconomic pattern of breastfeeding in sub-Saharan Africa: an individual participant data meta-analysis of six longitudinal cohorts.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- High-resolution isotopic data link settlement complexification to infant diets within the Roman Empire.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Addressing Infant and Young Child Feeding Recommendations From a Planetary Health Perspective.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Review
- A proposal to recognize investment in breastfeeding as a carbon offset.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2024Article
- Theory-based antecedents of breastfeeding among pregnant women in the United States.Health promotion perspectives · 2024Article
- [Poorer countries have more pro-breastfeeding actions than rich countries: ecological study of 98 countries].Cadernos de saude publica · 2024Article
- Individual- and system-level determinants of breastfeeding in a low-resource setting.Frontiers in public health · 2024Review
- The epidemiology and associated factors of non-exclusive breastfeeding: a comparative cross-sectional study of livelihood-secure and insecure areas.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Role of Health Care Providers in Encouraging Formula Feeding in Mosul City.Maternal and child health journal · 2023Article
- How the marketing practices of commercial milk formula companies impact infant breastfeeding practices in China.BMJ global health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn contrast with the ample literature on within- and between-country inequalities in breastfeeding practices, there are no multi-country analyses of socioeconomic disparities in breastmilk substitute (BMS) consumption in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
objectiveThis study aimed to investigate between- and within-country socioeconomic inequalities in breastfeeding and BMS consumption in LMICs.
methodsWe examined data from the Demographic Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys conducted in 90 LMICs since 2010 to calculate Pearson correlation coefficients between infant feeding indicators and per capita gross domestic product (GDP). Within-country inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding, intake of formula or other types of nonhuman milk (cow/goat) were studied for infants aged 0-5 mo, and for continued breastfeeding at ages 12-15 mo through graphical presentation of coverage wealth quintiles.
resultsBetween-country analyses showed that log GDP was inversely correlated with exclusive (r = -0.37, P < 0.001) and continued breastfeeding (r = -0.74, P < 0.0001), and was positively correlated with formula intake (r = 0.70, P < 0.0001). Continued breastfeeding was inversely correlated with formula (r = -0.79, P < 0.0001), and was less strongly correlated with the intake of other types of nonhuman milk (r = -0.40, P < 0.001). Within-country analyses showed that 69 out of 89 did not have significant disparities in exclusive breastfeeding. Continued breastfeeding was significantly higher in children belonging to the poorest 20% of households compared with the wealthiest 20% in 40 countries (by ∼30 percentage points on average), whereas formula feeding was more common in the wealthiest group in 59 countries.
conclusionsBMS intake is positively associated with GDP and negatively associated with continued breastfeeding in LMICs. In most countries, BMS intake is positively associated with family wealth, and will likely become more widespread as countries develop. Urgent action is needed to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding in all income groups and to reduce the intake of BMS, in light of the hazards associated with their use.
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