ArticleJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry2021
Maternal Vitamin D Levels and the Risk of Offspring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
Article in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis and symptoms in offspring: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Steroid hormone pathways, vitamin D and autism: a systematic review.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Pooled it
- Maternal Vitamin D Levels during Pregnancy and Offspring Psychiatric Outcomes: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation in the First 2 Years of Life on Psychiatric Symptoms at Ages 6 to 8 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- Circulating levels of maternal vitamin D and risk of ADHD in offspring: results from the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Trial
- Dual Effects of ADHD Pharmacotherapy on Nutrition: A Scoping Review of Appetite, Eating Behavior, and Growth Across the Lifespan.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Intergenerational effects of the microbiota on neurodevelopment: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- Does gestational vitamin D attenuate the negative effects of prenatal depression on offspring emotional and behavioral problems? Findings in the ECHO cohort.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Vitamin D as a Lifespan Neuroimmune Signal in Psychiatry: From Developmental Risk to Precision Nutrition.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: a cross-sectional study.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Vitamin D: What We Know and What We Still Do Not Know About Vitamin D in Preterm Infants-A Literature Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The influence of nutritional status, the home environment, and schooling on behavioral outcomes of hyperactivity and inattention among grade-school children in rural Nepal.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Maternal Eating Disorders, Body Mass Index, and Offspring Psychiatric Diagnoses.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- The Relationship Between Vitamin D and the Development and Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An Overview of Systematic Reviews.Current behavioral neuroscience reports · 2024Article
- Maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring schizophrenia.Schizophrenia research · 2024Article
- Assessing Chemical Intolerance in Parents Predicts the Risk of Autism and ADHD in Their Children.Journal of xenobiotics · 2024Article
- Vitamin D levels of pregnant immigrant women and developmental disorders of language, learning and coordination in offspring.PloS one · 2024Article
- Article
- Prenatal maternal and cord blood vitamin D concentrations and negative affectivity in infancy.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveRecent evidence has highlighted the importance of vitamin D in the development of the central nervous system. Some studies have shown an association between maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms based on parent or teacher ratings. There are no previous studies on early pregnancy 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and the risk of diagnosed offspring ADHD. Our aim was to examine maternal 25(OH)D levels in early pregnancy and offspring ADHD.
methodIn this nationwide population-based case-control study, 1,067 ADHD cases (born between 1998 and 1999 and diagnosed according to the International Classification of Diseases) and 1,067 matched controls were identified from Finnish registers. Maternal 25(OH)D levels were measured using quantitative immunoassay from maternal sera, collected during the first trimester and archived in the national biobank. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the association between maternal 25(OH)D and offspring ADHD.
resultsThere was a significant association between decreasing log-transformed maternal 25(OH)D levels and offspring ADHD both in the unadjusted analyses (odds ratio 1.65; 95% CI 1.33-2.05; p < .001) and in the analyses adjusting for maternal socioeconomic status and age (odds ratio 1.45; 95% CI 1.15-1.81; p = .002). Analyses by quintiles of maternal 25(OH)D levels in the lowest versus highest quintile revealed an adjusted odds ratio for offspring ADHD of 1.53 (95% CI 1.11-2.12; p = .010).
conclusionThis study demonstrated an association between low maternal 25(OH)D during pregnancy and an elevated risk for offspring ADHD. If replicated in independent samples, this finding may have significant public health implications.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.