ReviewHormones and behavior2020
Beyond the challenge hypothesis: The emergence of the dual-hormone hypothesis and recommendations for future research.
Review in Hormones and behavior, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Testosterone eliminates strategic prosocial behavior through impacting choice consistency in healthy males.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Trial
- Hormonal responses to brief social interactions: The role of psychosocial stress and relationship status.PloS one · 2023Trial
- Social Context Alters Chemical Signalling and Endocrine Profiles in Two Mouse Subspecies.Journal of chemical ecology · 2026Article
- Beyond the Mission: Long-Term Endocrine Dynamics in Search and Rescue Dog-Handler Teams.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Opposing Roles of Testosterone and Cortisol in Prosocial Risk-Taking.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hair testosterone and cortisol interactively predict problematic pornography use in a male sample.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2026Article
- Testosterone, cortisol, and fNIRS-based cortical activation associated with competitive task persistence and difficulty.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- The Association of Cortisol and Testosterone Interaction With Inpatient Violence: Examining the Dual-Hormone Hypothesis in a Psychiatric Setting.Aggressive behavior · 2025Article
- No evidence for an association of testosterone and cortisol hair concentrations with social decision-making in a large cohort of young adults.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2024Article
- No evidence for relationship between paternal post-partum depressive symptoms and testosterone or cortisol in first-time fathers.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Testosterone promotes dominance behaviors in the Ultimatum Game after players' status increases.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Neuroendocrine mechanisms contributing to the coevolution of sociality and communication.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2023Review
- Control of social status by sex steroids: insights from teleost fishes.Molecular psychology : brain, behavior, and society · 2023Article
- The causal effect of testosterone on men's competitive behavior is moderated by basal cortisol and cues to an opponent's status: Evidence for a context-dependent dual-hormone hypothesis.Journal of personality and social psychology · 2022Article
- Two Routes to Status, One Route to Health: Trait Dominance and Prestige Differentially Associate with Self-reported Stress and Health in Two US University Populations.Adaptive human behavior and physiology · 2022Article
- Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship between Social Identification and Testosterone Reactivity to Vicarious Combat.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Economic Decisions, Attractiveness, and Intrasexual Competition during Menstrual Cycle in the Ultimatum Game.International journal of psychological researchArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The challenge hypothesis makes specific predictions about the association between testosterone and status-seeking behaviors, but the findings linking testosterone to these behaviors are often inconsistent. The dual-hormone hypothesis was developed to help explain these inconsistencies. Specifically, according to this hypothesis, testosterone's association with status-seeking behavior depends on levels of cortisol. Here, we (1) describe the dual-hormone hypothesis in relation to the challenge hypothesis; (2) review recent studies that tested the dual-hormone hypothesis as well as meta-scientific evidence of heterogeneous dual-hormone findings across studies; (3) discuss potential explanations for this heterogeneity, including methodological considerations, contextual factors, and individual differences; and (4) provide recommendations for new work aimed at testing and extending the dual-hormone hypothesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.