ArticleScientific reports2019
Application of a multiplex salivary immunoassay to detect sporadic incident norovirus infections.
Article in Scientific reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- The use of faecal indicator organisms to manage microbial health risks in recreational waterways not impacted by point sources of sewage: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence.Journal of water and health · 2025Pooled it
- Development of an enteric pathogen multiplex immunoassay to measure antibody responses in blood and saliva for integrated serology applications.Journal of immunological methods · 2025Article
- Pilot application of an inflammation and physiological dysregulation index based on noninvasive salivary biomarkers.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Study design and methods of the Wells and Enteric disease Transmission (WET) Trial: a randomised controlled trial.BMJ open · 2023Article
- Breadth and Dynamics of Human Norovirus-Specific Antibodies in the First Year of Life.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2022Article
- Multiplex Antibody Analysis of IgM, IgA and IgG to SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva and Serum From Infected Children and Their Close Contacts.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Antibody conversion rates to SARS-CoV-2 in saliva from children attending summer schools in Barcelona, Spain.BMC medicine · 2021Article
- A Multiplex Noninvasive Salivary Antibody Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Its Application in a Population-Based Survey by Mail.Microbiology spectrum · 2021Article
- Salivary Antibodies against Multiple Environmental Pathogens Found in Individuals Recreating at an Iowa Beach.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- A short history of methods used to measure bathing beach water quality.Journal of microbiological methods · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Norovirus is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis. Following infection, anti-norovirus salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) rises steeply within 2 weeks and remains elevated for several months; this immunoconversion can serve as an indicator of infection. We used a multiplex salivary immunoassay to study norovirus infections among 483 visitors to a Lake Michigan beach in 2015. Saliva was collected on the day of the beach visit (S1); after 10-14 days (S2); and after 30-40 days (S3). Luminex microspheres were coupled to recombinant antigens of genogroup I (GI) and II (GII) noroviruses and incubated with saliva. Immunoconversion was defined as at least 4-fold increase in anti-norovirus IgG antibody response from S1 to S2 and a 3-fold increase from S1 to S3. Ten (2.1%) immunoconverted to either GI (2) or GII (8) norovirus. Among those who immunoconverted, 40% reported at least one gastrointestinal symptom and 33% reported diarrhea, compared to 15% (p = 0.06) and 8% (p = 0.04) among those who did not immunoconvert, respectively. The two participants who immunoconverted to GI norovirus both swallowed water during swimming (p = 0.08). This study demonstrated the utility of a non-invasive salivary immunoassay to detect norovirus infections and an efficient approach to study infectious agents in large cohorts.
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