ArticleCell host & microbe2020
Salmonella Effector SteE Converts the Mammalian Serine/Threonine Kinase GSK3 into a Tyrosine Kinase to Direct Macrophage Polarization.
Article in Cell host & microbe, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances in the research of the role of macrophage/microglia polarization-mediated inflammatory response in spinal cord injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- The Manipulation of Host Cells byInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Brucella effector protein BtpB facilitates STAT3 activation to regulate polarization in macrophages during infection.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Transposon-insertion sequencing reveals NlpD as a vulnerability in intracellular survival and pathogenesis of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- MAP4Ks drive cell death in response tomBio · 2026Article
- Salmonella Effector SpvC Targets SEC23B of Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Resist Gasdermin D-Mediated Protection Against Systemic Infection.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Review
- Current Applications and Immunological Considerations ofMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- GWAS and Machine Learning Screening of Genomic Determinants Underlying Host Adaptation in Swine and ChickenMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Article
- Cellular signaling meets bacterial infection: the integrative role of STAT3.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages infected withFrontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Eosinophils enhance granuloma-mediated control of persistent Salmonella infection in mice.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Bacterial effectors mediate kinase reprogramming through mimicry of conserved eukaryotic motifs.EMBO reports · 2025Article
- Antibiotic-recalcitrant Salmonella during infection.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- A single amino acid in the Salmonella effector SarA/SteE triggers supraphysiological activation of STAT3 for anti-inflammatory gene expression.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Lessons from cross-pathogen studies: understanding the metabolic rewiring of macrophages upon infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens antagonize anti-bacterial immunity through translocated effector proteins that inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling. In addition, the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium initiates an anti-inflammatory transcriptional response in macrophages through its effector protein SteE. However, the target(s) and molecular mechanism of SteE remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that SteE converts both the amino acid and substrate specificity of the host pleiotropic serine/threonine kinase GSK3. SteE itself is a substrate of GSK3, and phosphorylation of SteE is required for its activity. Remarkably, phosphorylated SteE then forces GSK3 to phosphorylate the non-canonical substrate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) on tyrosine-705. This results in STAT3 activation, which along with GSK3 is required for SteE-mediated upregulation of the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage marker interleukin-4Rα (IL-4Rα). Overall, the conversion of GSK3 to a tyrosine-directed kinase represents a tightly regulated event that enables a bacterial virulence protein to reprogram innate immune signaling and establish an anti-inflammatory environment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.