ArticleJournal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS2020
Tell-tale TINT: Does the Time to Incorporate into Nest Test Evaluate Postsurgical Pain or Welfare in Mice?
Article in Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analgesic drug efficacy in mouse postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lab animal · 2026Pooled it
- Grimace scale, burrowing, and nest building for the assessment of post-surgical pain in mice and rats-A systematic review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Pooled it
- Metabolic Cage Analysis of Surgically Catheterized C57BL/6J Mice (Mus musculus) Treated with Carprofen and Sustained-Release Buprenorphine.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2025Article
- Article
- The grimace scale: a useful tool for assessing pain in laboratory animals.Experimental animals · 2024Review
- Nesting behavior is associated with body weight and grip strength loss in mice suffering from experimental arthritis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Development and validation of a cynomolgus macaque grimace scale for acute pain assessment.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Grimace scale assessment duringFrontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Engaging endogenous opioid circuits in pain affective processes.Journal of neuroscience research · 2022Review
- Mouse Anesthesia: The Art and Science.ILAR journal · 2021Review
- Effects of Ketoprofen and Morphine on Pain-Related Depression of Nestlet Shredding in Male and Female Mice.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Lidocaine and bupivacaine as part of multimodal pain management in a C57BL/6J laparotomy mouse model.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Methods Used and Application of the Mouse Grimace Scale in Biomedical Research 10 Years on: A Scoping Review.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Identifying early indicators of distress in mice is difficult using either periodic monitoring or current technology. Likewise, poor pain identification remains a barrier to providing appropriate pain relief in many mouse models. The Time to Incorporate to Nest Test (TINT), a binary measure of the presence or absence of nesting behavior, was developed as a species-specific method of identifying moderate to severe distress and pain in mice. The current study was designed to evaluate alterations in nesting behavior after routine surgery and to validate the TINT's ability to measure pain-related behavioral changes. CD1 mice undergoing carotid artery catheterization as part of a commercial surgical cohort were randomly assigned various nesting, surgery, and analgesia conditions. To provide context for the TINT outcomes, we measured other variables affected by pain, such as weight loss, food consumption, and scores derived from the Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS). Mice that had surgery were more likely to have a negative TINT score as compared with controls. All mice were more likely to fail the TINT after receiving postoperative buprenorphine, suggesting that buprenorphine may have contributed to the failures. The TINT, MGS live scoring, and scoring MGS images all loaded strongly on a single component in a principal component analysis, indicating strong convergent validity between these measures. These data indicate that the TINT can provide a quick, objective indicator of altered welfare in mice, with the potential for a wide range of uses.
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Registered trials
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