ReviewNutrients2019
A Review of the Immunomodulating Components of Maternal Breast Milk and Protection Against Necrotizing Enterocolitis.
Review in Nutrients, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 162 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding: a systematic review with meta-analysis.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2026Pooled it
- Associations of breastfeeding with maternal and child health outcomes: umbrella review.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Factors influencing necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Human Milk Bioactive Components and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Roles of Oxidative Injury and Nitric Oxide System Derangements in Kawasaki Disease Pathogenesis: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Breastfeeding prevalence in newborns of mothers with COVID-19: a systematic review.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2023Pooled it
- Amino acids for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Evaluation of Risk and Preventive Factors for Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Premature Newborns. A Systematic Review of the Literature.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Enteral Feeding Interventions in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review of Experimental and Clinical Studies.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breast milk and breastfeeding: a living systematic review.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Effectiveness of individualized breastfeeding counseling during the dyad's stay in rooming-in: a randomized, multicenter, open and parallel study.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Trial
- NEC-Associated Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and the Gut-Lung Axis in Preterm Infants.American journal of perinatology · 2026Review
- Enteral Feeding During Therapeutic Hypothermia for Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Neonates: A Multicentre Study from Italy and Belgium.Nutrients · 2026Observational
- Impact of donor human milk pasteurization methods on the gut microbiome of preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Bioactive-Supplemented Infant Formulas and Early Gut-Immune-Endocrine Development: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Necrotizing enterocolitis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Maternal separation during breastfeeding as a risk factor for developing giardiasis: evaluation in a rodent model.Gut pathogens · 2026Article
- Preterm infant formulas with glucose polymers and reduced lactose content increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants: An Inflammatory Condition at the Crossroads of Intestinal Immaturity, Dysbiosis, and Nutrition.International journal of pediatrics · 2026Review
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Breast milk contains immunomodulating components that are beneficial to newborns during maturation of their immune system. Human breast milk composition is influenced by an infant's gestational and chronological age, lactation stage, and the mother and infant's health status. Major immunologic components in human milk, such as secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and growth factors, have a known role in regulating gut barrier integrity and microbial colonization, which therefore protect against the development of a life-threatening gastrointestinal illness affecting newborn infants called necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Breast milk is a known protective factor in the prevention of NEC when compared with feeding with commercial formula. Breast milk supplements infants with human milk oligosaccharides, leukocytes, cytokines, nitric oxide, and growth factors that attenuate inflammatory responses and provide immunological defenses to reduce the incidence of NEC. This article aims to review the variety of immunomodulating components in breast milk that protect the infant from the development of NEC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.