ArticleClinical and experimental medicine2020
Genetic and epigenetic analysis of the beta-2-microglobulin gene in microsatellite instable colorectal cancer.
Article in Clinical and experimental medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intrinsic resistance and efficacy of immunotherapy in microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2023Pooled it
- Nivolumab for mismatch-repair-deficient or hypermutated gynecologic cancers: a phase 2 trial with biomarker analyses.Nature medicine · 2024Trial
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- Immunomodulation and Immunotherapy for Patients with Prostate Cancer: An Up-to-Date Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Resistance mechanisms to immune checkpoint inhibitors: updated insights.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- The role of B2M in cancer immunotherapy resistance: function, resistance mechanism, and reversal strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Understanding and overcoming resistance to immunotherapy in genitourinary cancers.Cancer biology & therapy · 2024Review
- Syndecan-1 inhibition promotes antitumor immune response and facilitates the efficacy of anti-PD1 checkpoint immunotherapy.Science advances · 2024Article
- Targeting MHC-I molecules for cancer: function, mechanism, and therapeutic prospects.Molecular cancer · 2023Review
- CSPG4 CAR-redirected Cytokine Induced Killer lymphocytes (CIK) as effective cellular immunotherapy for HLA class I defective melanoma.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2023Article
- Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer with High Microsatellite Instability: The Ongoing Search for Biomarkers.Cancers · 2023Review
- Targeting tumour-reprogrammed myeloid cells: the new battleground in cancer immunotherapy.Seminars in immunopathology · 2023Review
- Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities in the dMMR/MSI-H Colorectal Cancer Landscape.Cancers · 2023Review
- HDAC inhibitors enhance the anti-tumor effect of immunotherapies in hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Article
- Analysis of the B2M Expression in Colon Adenocarcinoma and Its Correlation with Patient Prognosis.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2022Article
- Review
- Expression of human leukocyte antigen class I and β2-microglobulin in colorectal cancer and its prognostic impact.Cancer science · 2021Article
- Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockades: The Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
One of the most common mechanisms of immune evasion in MSI colorectal cancers (CRCs) is loss of HLA class I expression due to mutations in B2M gene which can become a negative predictor for checkpoint blockade therapy. The aim of this study was the determination of prevalence of B2M somatic mutations in MSI CRC patients and relationship between B2M mutations and lymphocytes infiltration and other clinicopathological features as well as detection of methylation changes in B2M promoter region which can be another mechanism of immune escape. In our study, 37 MSI-H and 5 MSI-L patients were selected for screening of B2M mutational and methylation status. The characterization of patients was based on standard histopathological diagnosis and TNM classification; BRAF, KRAS mutations, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and peritumoral lymphoid reaction were also determined. MSI analysis was performed using fragment analysis. B2M mutations were identified by Sanger sequencing, and methylation of CpG islands in promoter region was detected by methylation-specific PCR. Heterozygous mutations in the B2M gene were detected in five MSI-H patients (13.5%), while the mutation c.45_48delTTCT was determined in four patients and mutation c.276delC was found in two patients. One of these five patients was compound heterozygote harboring both mutations. Methylation of the promoter region of the B2M gene was observed in one patient with MSI-H colorectal cancer. Detection of genetic and epigenetic changes in B2M gene could be important in personalized therapy for CRC patients as these changes may be one of the mechanisms of secondary resistance of MSI positive tumors to immunotherapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.