ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2019
Differences in Psychoneuroendocrine Stress Responses of High-Level Swimmers Depending on Autocratic and Democratic Coaching Style.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mental health in elite sports. A continuum of strategies that athletic trainers can use to support competitive athletes with psychological issues: a scoping review.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
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- Employees' preference analysis on lean six sigma program coaching attributes using a conjoint analysis approach.Heliyon · 2023Article
- The Effect of Periodization on Training Program Adherence.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Psychological and Physiological Features Associated with Swimming Performance.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Article
- Effect of the Verbal Encouragement on Psychophysiological and Affective Responses during Small-Sided Games.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Predicting Caregiver Burden in Informal Caregivers for the Elderly in Ecuador.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Competition Seriousness and Competition Level Modulate Testosterone and Cortisol Responses in Soccer Players.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Gender Differences in Stress- and Burnout-Related Factors of University Professors.BioMed research international · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyse differences in the psychoneuroendocrine stress responses of high-level, young swimmers depending on whether an autocratic and democratic coaching style was applied. Modifications in cortisol and the motivational climate of 18 young swimmers (15.3 ± 1.86 years, 10 females and 8 males) were analysed before and after two training sessions with equivalent training loads but directed by two coaches applying different approaches, i.e., autocratic (A) and democratic (D). The basal testosterone levels of the coaches were also assessed. The basal testosterone concentration was higher in coach A than in coach D; the athletes perceived them as autocratic and democratic, respectively. Swimmers under coach A's instructions showed higher cortisol levels, suggesting higher cortisol production related to coaching style. Furthermore, differences in the motivational climate concerning ego (i.e., athletes comparing their ability with that of other athletes) were observed with coach A, whereas differences in motivational climate concerning the task (i.e., athletes comparing their ability with their own past performance) were observed with coach D. Cognitive variables showed negative perceptions affecting athletes' training experience and performance when they were screamed at or insulted by coach A. There were no gender or age differences in cortisol production or motivational climate. In conclusion, this study suggests that an autocratic coaching style modulates cortisol release in both genders, affecting young elite swimmers' motivational climate and training experience.
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