ArticlePloS one2019
Entropy of human leukocyte antigen and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor systems in immune-mediated disorders: A pilot study on multiple sclerosis.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex and Other Immunogenetic and Clinical Factors Influence Susceptibility or Protection to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Severity of the Disease Course. The Sardinian Experience.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Trial
- Impact of the Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex on Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Development and Progression in the Sardinian Population.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Decision trees to evaluate the risk of developing multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in neuroinformatics · 2023Article
- A Protective HLA Extended Haplotype Outweighs the Major COVID-19 Risk Factor Inherited From Neanderthals in the Sardinian Population.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Current research status of HLA in immune-related diseases.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEntropy is a thermodynamic variable statistically correlated with the disorder of a system. The hypothesis that entropy can be used to identify potentially unhealthy conditions was first suggested by Schrödinger, one of the founding fathers of quantum mechanics. Shannon later defined entropy as the quantity of information stored in a system. Shannon's entropy has the advantage of being adaptable across a variety of disciplines, including genetic studies on complex immunogenetic systems such as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) systems.
methodsIn our study, entropy associated to the HLA and KIR systems was compared between a cohort of 619 Sardinian healthy controls and a group of 270 patients affected by multiple sclerosis (MS), the latter stratified into 81 patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and 189 patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).
resultsThe entropy associated to HLA four-loci haplotypes (A, B, C, DR) and combinations of two inhibitory KIR genes was significantly higher in patients affected by RRMS than in healthy controls. No significant differences were observed for patients with PPMS. By calculating the total HLA and KIR entropy ratio in each subject, it was possible to determine the individual risk of developing MS, particularly RRMS.
conclusionsIn addition to the standard statistical methods used to evaluate immunogenetic parameters associated to immune-mediated disease, the analysis of entropy measures the global disorder status deriving from these parameters. This innovative approach may represent a useful complementary tool to the risk assessment of immune-mediated disorders. Improved risk assessment is particularly important for family members of patients with MS. However, further investigation is warranted to confirm our findings and to evaluate the validity of the entropy-based method in other types of immune-mediated disorders.
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