ArticleLearning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)2020
The effects of aversive-to-appetitive counterconditioning on implicit and explicit fear memory.
Article in Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of novelty and reward-based fear extinction on memory generalization.Behaviour research and therapy · 2026Article
- Augmenting extinction with counterconditioning strengthens and sustains neural safety representations in PTSD.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Emotional learning selectively distorts the temporal organization of memory: A quantitative synthesis.Cognition · 2026Article
- Article
- Encoding-Retrieval Similarity Reveals Distinct Neural Reinstatement of Safety Memories Following Counterconditioning in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2025Article
- Event Segmentation Promotes the Reorganization of Emotional Memory.Journal of cognitive neuroscience · 2025Article
- Emotional intensity produces a linear relationship on conditioned learning but an inverted U-shaped effect on episodic memory.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Reward processes in extinction learning and applications to exposure therapy.Journal of anxiety disorders · 2024Review
- Counterconditioning reduces contextual renewal in a novel context but not in the acquisition context.Neurobiology of learning and memory · 2023Article
- Online counterconditioning with COVID-19-relevant stimuli in lockdown: Impact on threat expectancy, fear, and persistent avoidance.Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry · 2023Article
- Testing the memory reconsolidation hypothesis in a fear extinction paradigm: The effects of ecological and arbitrary stimuli.Learning & behavior · 2022Article
- Rewarded Extinction Increases Amygdalar Connectivity and Stabilizes Long-Term Memory Traces in the vmPFC.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- Neural reinstatement reveals divided organization of fear and extinction memories in the human brain.Current biology : CB · 2022Article
- Lessons learned developing and testing family-based interoceptive exposure for adolescents with low-weight eating disorders.The International journal of eating disorders · 2021Article
- Influence of Perceptual and Conceptual Information on Fear Generalization: A Behavioral and Event-Related Potential Study.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2021Article
- Emotional learning retroactively enhances item memory but distorts source attribution.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Elemental and configural threat learning bias extinction generalization.Neurobiology of learning and memory · 2021Article
- Thought suppression inhibits the generalization of fear extinction.Behavioural brain research · 2021Article
- Behavioral and neural processes in counterconditioning: Past and future directions.Behaviour research and therapy · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Counterconditioning (CC) is a form of retroactive interference that inhibits expression of learned behavior. But similar to extinction, CC can be a fairly weak and impermanent form of interference, and the original behavior is prone to relapse. Research on CC is limited, especially in humans, but prior studies suggest it is more effective than extinction at modifying some behaviors (e.g., preference or valence ratings) than others (e.g., physiological arousal). Here, we used a within-subjects design to compare the effects of aversive-to-appetitive CC versus standard extinction on two separate tests of long-term memory in human adults: implicit physiological arousal and explicit episodic memory. Participants underwent Pavlovian fear conditioning to two semantic categories (animals, tools) paired with an electric shock. Conditioned stimuli (i.e., category exemplars) from one category were then extinguished, while stimuli from the other category were paired with a positive outcome. Participants returned 24-h later for a test of skin conductance responses (SCR) to the conditioned exemplars, as well as a surprise recognition memory test for stimuli encoded the previous day. Results showed reduced SCRs at a test for unique stimuli from a category that had undergone CC, relative to stimuli from a category that had undergone standard extinction. Additionally, participants selectively remembered more stimuli encoded during CC than extinction. These results provide new evidence that aversive-to-appetitive CC, as compared to extinction, strengthens memory for items directly associated with a positive outcome, which may provide stronger retrieval competition against a fear memory at test to help diminish fear relapse.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.