ArticleBiology of sex differences2019
Sex differences in clinical presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Apolipoprotein L1 risk genotypes and odds of lupus nephritis-associated kidney failure in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Sex-based differences in clinical phenotype and damage accrual among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Saudi Arabia: a multicenter cross-sectional study.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Latency and Unmeasured Disease Severity in Male Lupus Nephritis.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- Association of metabolic syndrome and its components with systemic lupus erythematosus.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Sex and gender differences in rheumatology: clinical impact and future directions.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Elevated C-reactive protein and failure to achieve remission in pediatric lupus nephritis: A retrospective cohort study.Medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-based clinical and immunological differences across lupus erythematosus subtypes: a cross-sectional multicentre study from China.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Gender differences in the clinical features and quality of life of Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study based on the LUNA registry.Arthritis research & therapy · 2026Article
- A Pooled Analysis of Sex Differences in Lupus Nephritis.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- African-ancestry-specific variant IKKβ p.Glu502Lys confers high lupus risk.Nature genetics · 2025Article
- Review
- Salt sensitivity of blood pressure: mechanisms and sex-specific differences.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2025Review
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting Primarily With End-Stage Renal Disease in Men: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- Sex-Specific Disparities in the Female Vs Male Patient Population in Left Ventricular Assist Device Use.CJC open · 2025Review
- Sex- and gender-related differences in systemic lupus erythematosus: a scoping review.Rheumatology international · 2025Article
- Association between systemic lupus erythematosus and cardiovascular health based on genetic data.Clinical rheumatology · 2025Article
- [Clincial Diagnostic Performance of EULAR/ACR-2019, SLICC-2012, and ACR-1997 Classification Criteria for Childhood Systemic Lupus Erythematosus].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2025Article
- Kidney transplantation in Lupus Nephritis: a comprehensive review of challenges and strategies.BMC surgery · 2025Review
- In-Depth Analysis of Disease Manifestations in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitides Identifies Distinct Clinical Phenotypes.ACR open rheumatology · 2025Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly affects women, but previous studies suggest that men with SLE present a more severe disease phenotype. In this study, we investigated a large and well-characterized patient group with the aim of identifying sex differences in disease manifestations, with a special focus on renal involvement.
methodsWe studied a Swedish multi-center SLE cohort including 1226 patients (1060 women and 166 men) with a mean follow-up time of 15.8 ± 13.4 years. Demographic data, disease manifestations including ACR criteria, serology and renal histopathology were investigated. Renal outcome and mortality were analyzed in subcohorts.
resultsFemale SLE patients presented more often with malar rash (p < 0.0001), photosensitivity (p < 0.0001), oral ulcers (p = 0.01), and arthritis (p = 0.007). Male patients on the other hand presented more often with serositis (p = 0.0003), renal disorder (p < 0.0001), and immunologic disorder (p = 0.04) by the ACR definitions. With regard to renal involvement, women were diagnosed with nephritis at an earlier age (p = 0.006), while men with SLE had an overall higher risk for progression into end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with a hazard ratio (HR) of 5.1 (95% CI, 2.1-12.5). The mortality rate among men with SLE and nephritis compared with women was HR 1.7 (95% CI, 0.8-3.8).
conclusionSLE shows significant sex-specific features, whereby men are affected by a more severe disease with regard to both renal and extra-renal manifestations. Additionally, men are at a higher risk of developing ESRD which may require an increased awareness and monitoring in clinical practice.
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