ArticleAddiction & health2019
Population Size Estimation of Tramadol Misusers in Urban Population in Iran: Synthesis of Methods and Results.
Article in Addiction & health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unveiling the roadblocks: exploring substance use disorder treatment policies in Iran through a qualitative lens.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2024Article
- A nationwide study on consumption of opioid analgesics in Iran from 2000 to 2018.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2023Article
- Population size estimation of female sex workers using network scale-up method in Kermanshah city.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Setting the policy agenda for the treatment of substance use disorders in Iran.Harm reduction journal · 2022Article
- Chronic exposure to tramadol induces cardiac inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in mice.Scientific reports · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEstimating the population who use drugs is essential for planning, monitoring, and evaluation of substance use prevention and treatment. This study aims to estimate the population who misuse tramadol in urban population in Iran.
methodsWe used the wisdom of the experts (WOTE) and network scale-up (NSU) methods to calculate the population of tramadol misusers in 10 provincial capitals of Iran, in 2016. The WOTE was conducted among pharmacists in drugstores and the personnel of traditional medicinal herbs stores. They guessed the best estimation of tramadol misusers population in their cities. The NSU method was conducted among the general population and participants were questioned about ever and daily, non-medical use of tramadol during last 12 months in their network. The median of the methods was used to calculate the proportion of the adult population (15-49 years old).
findingsThe population size of tramadol misusers in studied cities was 83300 [95% uncertainty limits (UL): 47960-256220]. This corresponded to 6.6 per 1000 (95% UL: 3.88-20.30) of the 15-49-year-old population. The projected number of tramadol misusers for all 31 provincial capitals was 118290 (95% UL: 68100-363130840) and 212440 (95% UL: 122310-653410) for all urban areas. NSU also estimated the number of people who misuse tramadol on daily basis. These numbers were 52000 (95% UL: 19940-176570) for studied cities, 73840 (95% UL: 28320-250740) for all 31 provincial capital cities, and 132610 (95% UL: 50860-450310) for all urban areas in Iran.
conclusionThis study presents information on high prevalence of tramadol misuse in urban population. We need national control measures and demand reduction programs to control tramadol misuse.
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